## Quick Facts

- Tiny in size but big in attitude, the Pomeranian is a classic “small dog with a large personality” that fills a home with energy and presence.  
- Their fluffy double coat is one of the most recognizable in the dog world and comes in a wide range of colors, from orange and cream to black, blue, chocolate, sable and many combinations.  
- Very people focused and alert, Pomeranians are often excellent little watchdogs who will quickly tell you if something changes around the home.  
- Intelligent and quick to learn, they thrive on mental stimulation and short, fun training sessions rather than long, repetitive exercises.  
- Despite their toy size, they are active and agile, but their exercise needs can usually be met with daily walks, play and indoor games, which suits many city and apartment lifestyles.  


## Appearance & Coat

The Pomeranian is the smallest variety of the Spitz family. At first glance, most people notice the fox‑like expression, the alert, dark eyes and the proud way they carry themselves. Adult dogs are compact, with a short back, a deep chest for their size and a level topline. The tail is one of their trademarks. It is set high and lies flat over the back, richly covered with long, flowing hair that gives a rounded silhouette.

In terms of size, many Pomeranians weigh between 2 and 3.5 kilograms, with a height around 20 to 24 centimeters at the shoulder. They should feel surprisingly solid when you lift them, not fragile or overly fine‑boned. A well‑built Pom looks balanced from all angles, with straight legs and enough substance to move soundly and confidently.

The coat is a true double coat. The undercoat is soft, thick and woolly, providing insulation. The outer coat is longer, harsher and stands out from the body, which gives that famous “powder puff” or ball‑like outline. Around the neck and chest the hair forms a ruff or mane, which is more prominent in males. The hindquarters often show distinct “pants” of longer hair.

Colors are remarkably varied. Common shades include:

- Orange in many tones  
- Cream, white or cream sable  
- Black, brown, chocolate, blue  
- Black and tan, blue and tan, chocolate and tan  
- Parti‑colors with white and patches of another color  

For coat care, consistency is much more important than perfection. Plan for:

- Brushing 2 to 3 times a week with a pin brush and a comb, focusing on behind the ears, armpits, under the tail and the “pants” where tangles form easily.  
- Gentle line brushing down to the skin rather than just skimming the surface. This helps prevent matting of the undercoat.  
- Regular checks for small mats, which can hide moisture and irritate the skin if left.  
- Occasional baths, roughly every 4 to 8 weeks, using a mild dog shampoo and thorough drying so the undercoat does not stay damp.  

Keep the hair around the paws and under the feet trimmed for better grip and cleanliness. Many owners also lightly tidy the rear and tail area for hygiene. A Pomeranian in full coat is beautiful, but remember that shaving them very short can affect how the coat grows back and can reduce natural protection against heat and cold. Careful grooming is usually a better solution than clipping the coat away.  


## Temperament & Personality

Living with a Pomeranian often feels like sharing your home with a tiny, curious roommate who wants to be involved in everything. They are lively, alert and often quite talkative. Many Poms develop strong bonds with their people and like to follow them from room to room. Despite their size, they rarely see themselves as small and often greet life with confidence that can border on boldness.

With families, Pomeranians enjoy being in the middle of everyday activities. They like interaction, games and cuddles on the sofa. With children, they can be affectionate and playful, but their small bodies are vulnerable to rough handling. This breed is usually best suited to families with slightly older, dog‑savvy children who can learn to sit on the floor with the dog, avoid grabbing, and respect when the dog wants space.

Around other dogs, the Pomeranian can be surprisingly fearless. Some individuals will happily play with much larger dogs, which is not always safe. Others are more reserved and prefer the company of dogs their own size. Early socialisation helps them learn polite dog language and reduces the risk of “big attitude in a tiny body” turning into reactive barking or snapping. With cats and other pets, many Poms can live peacefully if they are introduced calmly and early.

Their alert, bright nature makes them quick to notice sights and sounds. This is part of what makes them good little watchdogs but also what can lead to excessive barking if it is not guided. Neighbours in apartments will appreciate early training to teach “quiet” and set routines, such as calmly watching out the window without reacting to every passer‑by.

Many owners describe Pomeranians as surprisingly sensitive. They do best with kind, consistent routines and clear boundaries rather than harsh corrections. When they feel secure, they show a charming combination of independence and affection. They often enjoy short bursts of play followed by time close to their person.

<x-quote text="Our Pom is tiny but has more personality than many big dogs I have met. She wants to be part of everything, but she also picks up on my mood very quickly, so we try to keep life calm and predictable for her." from="Lisa, Pomeranian owner" />


## Training & Exercise

Although the Pomeranian belongs to the toy group, it shares working roots with larger Spitz breeds, which shows in its intelligence and quick reactions. They tend to enjoy training that feels like a game. Many are food motivated, others love small toys or praise. Short, varied training sessions of 5 to 10 minutes suit them better than long, repetitive drills.

Positive reinforcement is essential. These dogs can be proud and will often shut down if training feels unpleasant. Reward the behaviours you want to see and use gentle management to prevent unwanted habits from being rehearsed. Because Pomeranians are very observant, they often learn household routines without much effort. This is convenient but also means they can pick up less desirable habits, such as running to the door at the slightest noise or demanding attention with barking.

Basic training priorities should include:

- Reliable recall suited to their size and safety  
- Calm greetings with people and dogs  
- Barking on cue and “quiet” on cue  
- Handling and grooming training, for brushing, teeth care and vet visits  
- Confidence building through simple tricks and nose work  

Exercise needs are usually moderate compared with larger active breeds. Most adult Poms are happy with:

- Two to three short walks per day, adapted to the dog’s age and fitness  
- Extra play sessions indoors or in a safe, enclosed garden  
- Mental exercise such as puzzle toys, scent games and simple obedience or trick training  

Because of their size, a Pomeranian’s joints and growth plates must be protected, especially in puppies. Avoid long stair sessions, jumping from furniture and very long or intense runs. Cold or very wet weather can be tiring for them, so a well‑fitting dog coat during winter and careful monitoring in hot weather are both helpful. In summer, pick cooler times of day for walks and always provide fresh water and shade.

For owners who like structured activities, many Poms enjoy:

- Rally obedience with short, precise exercises  
- Agility on a low, safe level with attention to joint safety  
- Trick training and freestyle where their expressive nature can shine  

<x-quote text="Many Pomeranians are happier with three short, interesting walks and some brain games at home than with one long, exhausting outing. Thinking work often tires them out more pleasantly than distance." from="Get a Pet Editorial" />


## Health

The Pomeranian is a generally long‑lived breed, and it is not unusual for well cared‑for individuals to reach 12 to 15 years or more. At the same time, like all breeds, they have some health areas that owners and breeders should pay special attention to.

Because of their toy size, dental health is a key topic. Their small jaws can lead to crowded teeth and increased plaque build‑up. Daily or near‑daily tooth brushing with dog toothpaste, along with regular dental checks at the vet, helps prevent painful dental disease later in life.

Orthopedic issues can occur, especially patellar luxation, where the kneecap moves out of its normal position. Responsible breeders screen breeding dogs for knee health. As an owner, keeping your Pomeranian slim and avoiding frequent jumping from high furniture, especially in puppyhood, can reduce strain on the joints.

Some Pomeranians may experience tracheal sensitivity or collapsing trachea. This can show as a dry, honking cough, especially when pulling on the lead. Using a well‑fitting harness instead of a collar for walks is usually recommended to take pressure off the neck. If you notice persistent coughing or breathing changes, a veterinary check is important.

Other issues that can be seen in the breed include:

- Certain eye conditions, such as cataracts  
- Heart disease in older age  
- Skin and coat problems, including alopecia or so‑called “black skin disease” in some lines  

Prospective puppy buyers can ask breeders which health tests they perform and how they work to maintain healthy lines. Many responsible breeders use knee evaluations, eye examinations and, in some countries, additional tests recommended by kennel clubs or breed clubs.

Weight management is another simple but vital health factor. It is easy to overfeed a small dog. Even a little extra weight can put strain on the heart and joints. Use a measuring cup for food, include treats in the daily ration and aim to feel ribs under a light fat cover.

Finally, schedule regular vet checks and keep vaccinations and parasite protection up to date. Considering [pet insurance](https://getapet.com/en/pet-insurance) is often wise for small breeds that may require dental work or specialist diagnostics in older age.

<x-quote text="When choosing a Pomeranian puppy, ask about the health history of parents and grandparents, not just the tests on paper. Good breeders are usually open to discussing both strengths and weaknesses in their lines." from="Get a Pet Editorial" />


## History & Origins

The Pomeranian belongs to the wider Spitz family, which also includes breeds like the German Spitz, Samoyed and Finnish Spitz. All share typical features such as a pointed muzzle, erect ears, a thick double coat and a curled tail. Historically, Spitz‑type dogs developed in colder climates, working as watchdogs, sled dogs and general farm helpers.

The ancestors of today’s Pomeranian were much larger, often weighing 10 to 15 kilograms or more. They came from the region historically known as Pomerania, located along the Baltic Sea in what is now parts of Germany and Poland. There they worked as versatile farm dogs and companions, valued for their alertness, weather resistant coats and loyalty.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, these dogs attracted attention in Britain and elsewhere in Europe as charming companions. Over time, breeders selected for smaller size, richer coat and a more companion oriented temperament. One of the most famous admirers was Queen Victoria, who kept and bred Pomeranians. Her preference for smaller individuals greatly influenced the breed, leading to the miniature version we recognize today.

As the breed spread, different color varieties became popular in different periods. Orange and sable were favoured for many years, but modern breeding has embraced a wide palette. Breed standards across kennel clubs today emphasize type, soundness and the characteristic lively, proud expression.

Today the Pomeranian is primarily a companion and show dog. They appear in conformation shows worldwide and are also increasingly seen in dog sports, therapy work and as urban family dogs. Despite their refined appearance, many still show hints of their working background in their alertness, curiosity and strong sense of territory.

Their journey from robust farm Spitz to glamorous toy companion is one of the more dramatic size changes in the dog world. Yet at heart, a Pomeranian still carries much of the spirit of a larger Spitz, only in a smaller, portable package that suits modern home and city life.  


## Living with the Breed

Sharing your life with a Pomeranian means adjusting to a small but vivid presence that is often involved in most of your daily routines. These dogs tend to bond closely with their families and do not enjoy being left alone for very long. Many cope well with a normal working day if they are gradually trained to it and receive quality time, mental stimulation and exercise when their people are home. Very long days alone, day after day, are not ideal.

New owners should be ready for:

- Regular grooming with brushing several times a week  
- Daily walks and playtime, even though the dog is small  
- Ongoing training to manage barking and polite behaviour  
- A focus on dental care and general health maintenance  

Costs will vary by country, but it helps to plan for:

- Initial purchase price, which can be considerable for a well bred Pomeranian  
- Vaccinations, microchipping and early vet care  
- Spaying or neutering if not used for breeding  
- Quality food suitable for small breeds  
- Regular grooming tools or professional grooming if you prefer help  
- Insurance and routine veterinary checks each year  

Over a year, routine costs plus occasional extras like dental cleaning or minor illnesses can add up. Having a financial buffer or insurance policy makes it easier to handle surprises without stress.

Useful equipment for a Pomeranian includes:

- A comfortable, snug harness that does not pressure the neck  
- Light but sturdy leads, plus a long line for safe outdoor freedom  
- A crate or pen as a safe resting place and for travel  
- Non slip steps or ramps if the dog often gets on sofas or beds  
- Puzzle toys, snuffle mats and chew items suited to small jaws  
- A soft, warm bed placed away from drafts  

Living space can be small or large. Poms can thrive in apartments as long as their needs for company, movement and mental activity are met. Sound management is important in close living, so teaching calm behaviour at the door and rewarding quiet moments from an early age pays off later.

For those considering breeding, specialist knowledge of toy breed whelping, good support from a mentor and appropriate tools such as [breeder tools](https://getapet.com/en/breeder-tools) and litter insurance are very helpful. Responsible breeding in this small breed requires careful planning of size, temperament and health.

<x-quote text="What surprised me most was how much life a small dog can bring into a home. Our Pom is low impact on space but high impact on daily joy, and she has made us more active and present in our routines." from="Johan, dog owner" />

If you are unsure whether a Pomeranian is the right breed for your lifestyle, exploring the [Dog Breed Advisor](https://getapet.com/en/dog-breed-advisor) can help you compare different breeds and reflect on what kind of companion will fit you best.

<x-quote text="Before welcoming a Pomeranian, think beyond the cute looks. Ask yourself if you are ready for a sensitive, alert and grooming intensive little companion for well over a decade." from="Get a Pet Editorial" />

Pomeranian

The Kennel Club (UK)

Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)

Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)

Norsk Kennel Klub (Norwegian Kennel Club)

Deutscher Spitz Club (Germany)

Tiny, fox‑like Spitz with a fluffy double coat in many colors. Weighing 2–3.5 kg, Pomeranians are lively, alert, people‑focused companions and good watchdogs. They need regular grooming, gentle positive training, daily walks, mental games, dental care and protection of their small joints.

## Quick Facts

- Powerful working dog with a calm, thoughtful nature when well bred and well trained  
- Deeply loyal to family and often reserved or aloof with strangers  
- Medium to large size, strong and muscular, with a short, easy-care coat  
- Needs consistent training, mental stimulation, and daily physical exercise  
- Traditionally used for driving cattle and guarding, now popular in sports and as a devoted family companion  


## Appearance & Coat

The Rottweiler is a compact yet powerful dog, built more for endurance and strength than speed. The body is slightly longer than tall, with a broad chest, strong back, and very well developed muscles. A typical adult male stands around 61 to 68 cm at the shoulder, while females are slightly smaller at about 56 to 63 cm. Weight can vary depending on build and condition, but a healthy Rottweiler should look robust and athletic rather than bulky or overweight.

The head is one of the breed’s most striking features. It is broad with a well defined stop, strong muzzle, and powerful jaws. The eyes are medium sized, almond shaped, and dark, giving an alert yet steady expression. Ears are medium, triangular, and carried close to the head, which adds to the attentive look. Everything about the Rottweiler’s appearance hints at its working origins and its ability to perform demanding tasks.

The coat is short, dense, and straight, with a firm texture and a protective undercoat. It lies close to the body and offers good protection against the weather without needing complicated grooming. The only accepted color is black with well defined rust or mahogany markings. These markings appear above the eyes, on the cheeks, muzzle, chest, legs, and underneath the tail. Clear, symmetrical markings are considered a hallmark of the breed.

Coat care is relatively simple. A weekly brushing with a rubber grooming mitt or soft bristle brush helps remove loose hair and keeps the skin healthy. During shedding seasons in spring and autumn, more frequent brushing can keep hair under control. Regularly check and clean:

- Ears to prevent wax buildup
- Eyes for any redness or discharge
- Nails, which should be trimmed so they do not touch the ground when the dog walks

Bathing is usually only needed every few months or when the dog is dirty. Too frequent bathing can dry out the skin. Most Rottweilers are not heavy shedders compared to some long haired breeds, but owners should still expect a steady, moderate amount of hair in the home year round.


## Temperament & Personality

A well bred and well socialised Rottweiler is often described as calm, confident, and self assured. This is not typically an overly excitable breed. Many are somewhat reserved with strangers and take their time to assess new people and situations. With their own family, however, they are usually affectionate, playful, and strongly attached. This is a dog that often prefers to be near its people rather than lying alone in another room.

With children, Rottweilers can be very gentle and patient, especially if they grow up together and the children are taught to respect the dog. Supervision is still essential with younger kids, partly because of the dog’s weight and strength. A happy, wiggling Rottweiler can easily knock over a small child without meaning to. Sensible rules, such as not climbing on the dog or disturbing it while eating or sleeping, help keep interactions positive.

When it comes to other dogs and pets, individual temperament and early experiences matter a lot. Some Rottweilers live happily with other dogs, especially if introduced properly. Others can be more selective or intolerant, particularly with dogs of the same sex. The breed has a strong guarding instinct and can be territorial, so careful introductions and ongoing management are important. Many do very well with cats and smaller pets if raised together and if prey drive is not overly strong.

Boisterous adolescence is a common challenge. As young adults, Rottweilers are often energetic, strong, and quite full of themselves. Without structure and consistency, this can quickly turn into pulling on the leash, jumping up, and ignoring recall. They are also sensitive to the mood of their handler. Harsh or unpredictable handling can lead to anxiety or defensive reactions in some individuals.

The best homes for this breed are those that offer:

- Clear rules and steady, kind leadership  
- Plenty of positive contact, not just time in the yard  
- Ongoing socialisation with people, dogs, and different environments  

<x-quote text="Our Rottweiler is very calm at home but he notices everything. He is happiest when he has a job, even if it is just carrying his toy on walks or staying close to our kids." from="Lina, Rottweiler owner" />


## Training & Exercise

The Rottweiler is an intelligent working dog that generally enjoys having tasks to do. Most are eager to learn, especially when training is fair, consistent, and based on reward. They respond very well to food rewards, toys, and genuine praise. Many show their best side when they know what is expected of them and when training sessions are part of everyday life rather than a rare event.

Early training should focus on:

- Walking politely on leash, even around distractions  
- A reliable recall, especially for such a strong breed  
- Calm greetings with people and other dogs  
- Settling on a mat or bed when asked  

Short, frequent sessions tend to work better than long, intensive ones, especially with young dogs. Rottweilers can be a little stubborn at times and may question unclear or inconsistent rules. This is not a breed that thrives with rough handling or punishment based methods. Instead, firm but kind guidance, clear boundaries, and plenty of positive reinforcement build trust and cooperation.

In terms of exercise, adult Rottweilers usually need at least one to two hours of mixed physical and mental activity each day. This does not have to be just long walks. Many enjoy:

- Tracking and nose work  
- Obedience or rally obedience  
- Hiking and long country walks  
- Structured games of fetch or tug  
- Pulling a cart or weight pull activities where permitted and done safely  

Puppies and young dogs should not be over exercised on hard surfaces to protect growing joints. Instead, focus on shorter walks, gentle play, and mental games like scent searches or simple problem solving tasks.

If their exercise and mental needs are not met, Rottweilers may become bored and create their own entertainment. This can appear as chewing, digging, barking, or guarding behavior that becomes too intense. A well exercised and well trained Rottweiler, on the other hand, is usually relaxed at home and content to rest near its family.

Obedience classes, puppy schools, and working dog clubs can be excellent resources. They provide structure, socialisation, and guidance for owners as well as for the dog. Many Rottweilers excel in dog sports and enjoy the extra challenge of training for trials and competitions.


## Health

Rottweilers are generally robust dogs, but like all breeds they have certain health issues that appear more frequently. Responsible breeders work actively to reduce these risks by health testing breeding dogs and carefully planning litters.

Joint problems are a primary concern. Hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia can cause pain, lameness, and early arthritis. In many countries, breeding dogs are x rayed and their hip and elbow scores are recorded. Prospective owners can ask breeders about these results and how they are used in breeding decisions.

Other conditions that may be seen in the breed include:

- Certain heart diseases, especially aortic stenosis and cardiomyopathy  
- Cruciate ligament injuries in the knee  
- Various types of cancer, such as bone cancer in older dogs  
- Eye issues such as entropion in some lines  

Not every Rottweiler will develop these problems, but awareness helps owners recognise symptoms early and choose breeders who take health seriously. Regular vet check ups, weight control, and suitable exercise are all part of keeping the dog comfortable and active for as many years as possible.

A healthy adult Rottweiler typically lives around 8 to 10 years, with some individuals reaching their teens. Good nutrition is essential. Large, fast growing puppies should be fed a diet designed for large breed growth to help protect joints. Keeping the dog slim is one of the simplest ways to support long term health, especially for hips, elbows, and heart.

Useful health practices include:

- Yearly veterinary examinations  
- Vaccinations and parasite control according to local recommendations  
- Dental care and tooth brushing several times a week  
- Monitoring for lumps, changes in gait, or reduced stamina  

<x-quote text="When choosing a Rottweiler, it is worth asking detailed questions about health tests, temperament, and how the breeder raises the puppies. Good preparation can make a big difference over the dog’s lifetime." from="Get a Pet Editorial" />

Some owners also choose to take out dog insurance to help manage unexpected veterinary costs. If you are considering that, you can read more about options on our Pet Insurance page: https://getapet.com/en/pet-insurance


## History & Origins

The Rottweiler has roots that go back many centuries in Europe. It is believed that dogs of similar type accompanied Roman legions, helping to drive and guard cattle that travelled with the army. As the Romans moved through what is now southern Germany, their dogs likely mixed with local herding and guarding types.

The town of Rottweil, an important cattle and trading centre in the Middle Ages, gave the breed its name. Local butchers and livestock traders needed strong, intelligent dogs that could drive cattle to market, guard money and goods, and protect their owners on the road. The Rottweiler developed into a reliable all purpose farm and drover’s dog, valued for its courage and endurance.

With the introduction of railways and other changes in livestock transport, the demand for drover dogs decreased. At one point the breed nearly disappeared. Enthusiasts who appreciated the Rottweiler’s working ability helped preserve and further develop the breed, focusing on its role as a police, service, and protection dog. The dog’s natural guarding instinct, confidence, and strong build made it very suitable for these tasks.

In the twentieth century the Rottweiler gained recognition in kennel clubs and a formal breed standard was established. The breed spread beyond Germany and became popular worldwide. Today, it is used in various roles, such as search and rescue, tracking, obedience, and protection sports, as well as in some police and security work.

At the same time, many Rottweilers now live primarily as family companions. The best modern representatives still retain their traditional character: a stable, self confident dog that can work when needed, yet relax at home with the family. This dual role means that careful breeding and responsible ownership are especially important to maintain the breed’s sound temperament and reliable nature.

<x-quote text="Understanding the Rottweiler’s background as a driving and guarding dog helps explain both its strength and its need for clear, thoughtful leadership today." from="Get a Pet Editorial" />


## Living with the Breed

Sharing your life with a Rottweiler can be deeply rewarding, but it is not a light commitment. This is a large, powerful dog with a strong mind. It needs time, training, and daily involvement with its people. Owners should be prepared to invest in puppy classes, good quality food, suitable equipment, and regular vet care every year.

Typical ongoing costs include:

- Food, which can be significant for a large, active dog  
- Veterinary care, vaccinations, and preventive treatments  
- Insurance, if you choose to take it  
- Training classes or club memberships  
- Toys, bedding, grooming tools, and replacement equipment over time  

From a practical point of view, a sturdy harness or well fitted collar, a strong leash, non slip bowls, and a supportive bed are basic essentials. Many owners also find a crate useful for safe rest and travel, provided it is introduced carefully and never used as punishment. Because of the breed’s strength, investing in quality equipment is wise. Cheap gear that breaks at the wrong moment can be dangerous.

Life in an apartment is possible if the dog’s exercise and mental needs are met, but regular outdoor activity is non negotiable. A house with a secure garden or yard can make life easier, though the Rottweiler should not live isolated outdoors. This is a people oriented breed that thrives on daily contact and being included in family activities.

Social responsibility is an important part of owning this breed. Some people may be wary of Rottweilers due to their powerful appearance. Well mannered behavior in public, respectful interactions around other dogs, and consistent training all help show what the breed is capable of when properly managed. Many owners find that their calm, friendly Rottweiler becomes an ambassador for the breed.

<x-quote text="Living with a Rottweiler means planning your day around walks, training, and time together, but in return you get a dog that is truly part of the family and very aware of your routines." from="Mikael, dog owner" />

If you are unsure whether this is the right breed for you, tools like the Dog Breed Advisor can help you compare traits and needs: https://getapet.com/en/dog-breed-advisor  

For those ready to make the commitment, a well raised Rottweiler can be a steady, affectionate, and deeply loyal companion that is fully involved in everyday life.

Rottweiler

Svenska Rottweilerklubben (Swedish Rottweiler Club)

Norwegian Kennel Club

Deutscher Rottweiler-Klub (German Rottweiler Club)

The Rottweiler is a strong, medium‑large working dog with a short black coat and rust markings. Calm, loyal, and family‑oriented, it tends to be reserved with strangers. It needs kind, consistent training, daily mental and physical exercise, and responsible ownership to thrive.

Pomeranian vs Rottweiler

Characteristics

Summary

Similar breeds