Pug

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Charming small companion dog known for its wrinkled face, curled tail, and big, expressive eyes
• Usually weighs around 6 to 8 kilograms and is well suited to city living and smaller homes
• Affectionate, people focused, and often described as a “clown in a philosopher’s suit”
• Moderately active breed that enjoys short, regular walks and plenty of indoor play
• Brachycephalic (short-nosed) breed that needs extra care in hot weather, with careful attention to breathing and weight

Appearance & Coat

The Pug is a small, sturdy companion dog with a surprisingly solid build for its size. Many people are surprised when they first pick up a Pug, as it is far heavier than it looks. The body is compact and square, with a broad chest and well sprung ribs. A good Pug should look balanced and athletic rather than fragile or overly chunky. The top line is level from shoulders to tail, and the legs are straight and strong, giving an impression of stability and confidence.

One of the Pug’s most distinctive features is its head. It is large and round in proportion to the body, with no obvious skull indentation. The muzzle is short and blunt, creating that characteristic flat-faced expression, while the forehead and cheeks are adorned with deep wrinkles. The eyes are large, dark, and very expressive, often giving a soft, almost human look that many owners fall in love with. The ears are small and thin, set high, and can be either “rose” shaped, folding slightly back, or “button” shaped, folding forward.

The tail is tightly curled over the hip, ideally forming a double curl. This curled tail adds to the Pug’s playful, almost toy-like appearance. When the tail relaxes or unrolls, it can sometimes indicate tiredness, heat, or mild discomfort, so owners quickly learn to “read” their dog’s tail as part of its overall body language.

The coat of the Pug is short, smooth, and fine to the touch. It lies close to the body and has a glossy appearance when the dog is healthy and well fed. Typical colours include:

• Fawn, in shades from light cream to deeper apricot
• Black, which should be a deep, solid black all over
• Silver or silver-fawn in some lines

All fawn shades come with a distinct black mask on the face and dark ears. Clear markings and strong contrast between mask and body colour are considered very attractive in the breed.

Although the coat is short, Pugs shed a lot. Many new owners are surprised by the amount of loose hair, especially during seasonal coat changes. Regular grooming helps manage this. A few practical coat and skin care tips include:

• Brush at least two to three times a week with a soft bristle brush, rubber grooming mitt, or grooming glove to remove dead hair and stimulate the skin
• Pay attention to skin folds on the face. These wrinkles should be checked regularly and gently cleaned with a damp cloth, then dried carefully to avoid moisture buildup, which can cause irritation or infection
• Bathe the Pug when needed, using a gentle dog shampoo, and rinse thoroughly to avoid residue in the coat and folds
• Check the ears weekly and keep them clean and dry, as the folded shape can trap dirt and wax

Because of their short coat, Pugs can feel the cold more than some thicker coated breeds. A light, well fitting dog coat can help them stay comfortable in wet or chilly conditions during walks. On the other hand, their dark mask and compact body mean they can overheat easily in strong sun. Shade, cool resting spots, and avoiding midday heat are all important. A healthy Pug coat should be shiny, and the skin beneath should look clean and free from redness or flaking. Daily contact through grooming also strengthens the bond between dog and owner, which suits the Pug’s sociable nature perfectly.

Temperament & Personality

The Pug is often described as a big character in a small body. This is a dog that thrives on human company and prefers to be wherever the family is, whether that means following someone from room to room or curling up on the sofa at the end of the day. They are typically affectionate, cheerful, and very people focused. Many Pugs like to be the centre of attention and will use their expressive faces, little grunts, and playful antics to make sure nobody forgets them.

In a family setting the Pug usually adapts very well. They are generally gentle, sociable, and tolerant, which makes them popular companions for households with children. Most Pugs enjoy playing simple games, such as fetch with a soft toy, or just racing around the living room. They often develop close bonds with children who treat them kindly. However, their relatively small size and delicate facial structure mean that young children must be taught to handle them carefully. Rough play, pulling on the tail, or hugging too tightly can frighten or hurt a Pug. Supervised interactions and clear rules help both child and dog feel safe and relaxed together.

With adults, Pugs often show a mixture of lively curiosity and calm companionship. They are usually friendly towards visitors and new people, rarely showing guarding behaviour. Instead of acting as watchdogs, they are more likely to welcome strangers with wagging tails and hopeful looks. That said, every dog is an individual, and some Pugs may be a little reserved at first, especially if they have not been well socialised when young. Gentle introductions and positive experiences usually help them gain confidence.

Around other dogs, Pugs are generally social and playful. Their sturdy build and fun loving nature mean they can get on well with similarly sized companions. Some Pugs live happily with larger breeds too, but play sessions should be managed to avoid accidental bumps or roughness. Many Pugs also coexist peacefully with cats and other small pets, particularly if they are raised together. Slow, controlled introductions and rewarding calm behaviour help the Pug learn good manners.

Despite their friendly nature, Pugs do come with some common challenges. They are known for being quite attached to their people and may not enjoy being left alone for long periods. Some can develop separation related behaviours, such as barking, whining, or restlessness. Gradually getting the dog used to short absences, providing safe chew toys, and creating a cosy resting spot can reduce anxiety. Mental stimulation, such as puzzle toys or short training games before leaving, also helps.

Another trait many Pug owners notice is their love of food. Pugs are often very food motivated, which is useful for training, but it also means they can gain weight easily. Combined with their brachycephalic build, extra weight can worsen breathing, joint, and heart problems. Careful portion control, limited treats, and regular exercise are essential.

In daily life, the Pug combines affection, humour, and a relaxed attitude. They are rarely intense or demanding in terms of exercise, but they are emotionally sensitive and tuned in to the household mood. A Pug will often curl up beside someone who is feeling unwell or sad, or join in happily when the family is active and busy. This ability to mirror human emotions is a big part of what makes the Pug such a beloved companion dog around the world.

Training & Exercise

Although Pugs were not developed as working or herding dogs, they are brighter and more capable of learning than some people expect. They can certainly pick up basic obedience skills and enjoy learning tricks when training is handled correctly. The key is to use positive, reward based methods that rely on praise, gentle encouragement, and small, healthy treats. Harsh corrections or raised voices tend to shut them down or make them stubborn.

Pugs often have a playful, clownish outlook on life, so turning training into a game works very well. Short, varied sessions keep their attention. For example, practising “sit,” “down,” and “stay” for a few minutes, then switching to a fun trick such as “spin” or “high five,” will usually keep a Pug engaged. They also respond well to clear routines. Teaching simple house rules, such as waiting politely at doors or sitting before the food bowl is placed down, helps them feel secure and understand what is expected.

House training can sometimes take a little longer with this breed, especially in damp or cold climates where the dog may be reluctant to go outside. Frequent opportunities to relieve themselves, consistent praise for going in the right place, and patience are important. Using a cue word for toileting and keeping a regular schedule after meals and naps can speed up the process.

In terms of exercise, the Pug is best described as moderately active. They usually enjoy going for walks, sniffing around the neighbourhood, and meeting people and other dogs. However, their short nose and compact body mean they do not handle intense or prolonged activity as well as some other breeds. Instead of long, strenuous runs, Pugs do best with several shorter walks spread throughout the day. For many adults, two to three walks of 20 to 30 minutes, adjusted for the individual dog, will be sufficient.

Care must be taken in hot or humid weather. Because Pugs have a brachycephalic skull structure, they can struggle to regulate body temperature and may overheat quickly. On warm days, exercise should be limited to early morning and late evening, with plenty of breaks in the shade. Signs of overheating, such as excessive panting, drooling, stumbling, or bright red gums, should always be taken seriously. A Pug should never be pushed to continue exercising if it appears tired or is breathing heavily.

Many Pugs enjoy indoor games that provide both exercise and mental stimulation. These can include:

• Short fetch games with a soft toy in a hallway or living room
• Nose work games, such as hiding treats around a room and letting the dog sniff them out
• Simple puzzle feeders that require the dog to use its paws and nose to reach the food

These activities are particularly useful in very hot or very cold weather when longer walks might not be safe or comfortable.

Some Pugs also participate successfully in dog sports that are adapted to their physical abilities. Low impact activities, such as basic rally obedience or trick training, can help strengthen the bond between dog and owner while improving coordination and focus. High impact sports that involve jumping, fast weaving, or long-distance running are usually less suitable due to the risk of breathing difficulties and joint strain.

Overall, the ideal combination for a Pug is regular gentle exercise, mental challenges through training and games, and lots of close contact with their family. This balance keeps them physically healthier, helps prevent weight gain, and reduces boredom related behaviours such as barking or chewing, while respecting the physical limitations typical for the breed.

Health

Pugs are a brachycephalic breed, which means they have a shortened skull and muzzle. This distinctive appearance is part of their charm, but it also brings specific health considerations. Responsible breeders and owners focus strongly on health testing, careful selection of breeding stock, and appropriate daily care to reduce the risk of problems.

One of the major health issues associated with Pugs is brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome, often shortened to BOAS. This condition affects the dog’s ability to breathe freely and can show as noisy breathing, snoring, exercise intolerance, and in severe cases, distress while simply walking or resting. Dogs with severe BOAS may need surgical intervention to improve airflow. Even in milder cases, owners must carefully monitor weight, avoid overheating, and tailor exercise to the individual dog’s abilities. Choosing puppies from lines where breathing quality has been carefully assessed is crucial.

The Pug’s large, prominent eyes are another vulnerable area. They are more exposed than in many other breeds, and injuries or infections can develop if they are not monitored. Common eye issues can include ulcers, inflammation of the cornea, and pigmentary keratitis, a condition where pigment gradually covers the clear part of the eye. Regular veterinary eye checks, avoiding rough play or thorny bushes, and seeking quick treatment if the eye appears red, cloudy, or half closed can help protect vision.

The skin folds around the face, and in some dogs also around the body, can trap moisture and bacteria. This may lead to skin infections that cause redness, smell, and discomfort. Gentle cleaning and thorough drying of the folds, combined with keeping the dog at a healthy weight, usually helps prevent these problems. Owners should get used to checking the skin regularly and consult a veterinarian if they notice persistent irritation.

Orthopedic issues can also affect Pugs. Hip dysplasia and patellar luxation, where the kneecap slips out of place, are seen in the breed. Ethical breeders often use screening schemes to assess hips and knees before breeding. Maintaining a lean body condition throughout life greatly reduces stress on the joints. Jumping from high furniture and running on slippery floors may increase the risk of injury, so providing non-slip mats and ramps or steps for furniture can help.

Another condition of concern in Pugs is Pug dog encephalitis, also known as necrotizing meningoencephalitis. This is a serious inflammatory disease of the brain that is believed to have a genetic component. It typically appears in young adult dogs and can cause seizures, behavioural changes, or problems with coordination. While there is ongoing research into the condition, there is currently no guaranteed way to prevent it, so breeders focus on not breeding from dogs that have produced affected offspring.

Pugs are also prone to obesity, which can worsen many existing health problems, especially respiratory and joint issues. Because they love food and are usually quite calm indoors, weight can creep up quietly over time. Regular body condition checks, measuring daily food portions, and using part of the dog’s normal food allowance as training treats are practical strategies. Veterinarians can help set a target weight and advise on appropriate diets.

Routine health care for a Pug should include:

• Regular veterinary checkups, at least annually, and more often for older dogs
• Vaccinations, parasite prevention, and dental care, as their teeth can be quite crowded
• Eye examinations, especially for breeding dogs, to monitor for inherited or chronic conditions
• Breathing assessments and, when appropriate, participation in structured screening schemes that evaluate respiratory health

The typical lifespan of a Pug is often around 12 to 15 years, though this depends heavily on genetics, body weight, and quality of care. A well bred Pug kept at a healthy weight, with careful management of heat and exercise, can enjoy a good quality of life for many years. Prospective owners should choose breeders who prioritise functional anatomy, clear breathing, eye health, and temperament alongside appearance. Long term, thoughtful care at home, combined with regular veterinary guidance, offers the best chance of a healthy, happy Pug.

History & Origins

The Pug has a long and fascinating history that stretches back many centuries. Its roots are generally traced to ancient China, where small companion dogs with short muzzles were highly prized by royalty and nobility. These early toy type dogs lived in palaces, were carefully guarded, and often enjoyed a level of comfort that many people of the time did not. They were kept not to work, but to offer companionship, warmth, and symbolic prestige.

As trade routes between East and West slowly developed, these small Chinese dogs began to travel with merchants and diplomats. By the 16th and 17th centuries, they had reached Europe, arriving in countries such as the Netherlands and later spreading to other parts of the continent. In the Netherlands, Pugs became associated with the House of Orange, partly due to a story that a Pug once alerted Prince William of Orange to approaching soldiers, thereby saving his life. Whether every detail of this tale is accurate or not, it shows how quickly the breed gained status and symbolic importance.

From there, Pugs made their way to other European royal courts. They appeared in paintings and engravings, often shown lounging beside elegantly dressed ladies or seated proudly beside their owners. During the Victorian era in Britain, the breed was refined and developed further. Different colour lines emerged, including the well known fawn with a black mask and the solid black Pug, which gained popularity later in the 19th century. Careful breeding during this time established many of the features we associate with the modern Pug, such as the characteristic wrinkled head and curled tail.

Throughout their history, Pugs have been kept primarily as companion dogs rather than for hunting, guarding, or herding. Their main task has always been to share daily life with humans, providing comfort, amusement, and affection. This long tradition of close human contact helps explain why modern Pugs are so people orientated and keen to be near their families.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, Pugs have spread across the world and become a familiar sight in many countries. Their small size and sociable temperament make them especially attractive to people living in cities or apartments. At the same time, the breed’s popularity has also brought challenges, as some irresponsible breeding has focused more on extreme physical features than on health and function. In response, many national kennel clubs, breed clubs, and veterinary organisations now work together to promote healthier breeding, with more attention on breathing ability, eye health, body condition, and genetic diversity.

Today, Pugs are used almost exclusively as companion animals. They appear in family homes, on social media, in advertising, and occasionally in therapy dog roles, where their friendly nature can be a comfort in hospitals or care homes. Their gentle character and expressive faces make them natural mood lifters. Modern Pug enthusiasts are increasingly aware of the need to protect the breed’s health while preserving its charming, affectionate temperament. This combination of ancient history, royal connections, and modern companionship helps explain the lasting worldwide appeal of the Pug.

Living with the Breed

Living with a Pug is a joyful experience for many people, but it comes with specific responsibilities. This is not a breed that can simply be fed and walked briefly each day and then left to its own devices. Pugs need emotional closeness, regular care, and careful management of their physical needs.

One of the first things new owners notice is how much the Pug wants to be involved in every aspect of family life. They often follow their owners from room to room, settle on laps or beside someone on the sofa, and are quick to join in when they hear laughter or activity. This makes them wonderful companions for people who spend a lot of time at home, including those who work remotely or are retired. However, it can be challenging for individuals who are out of the house for many hours most days. Pugs generally do not thrive when left alone for long periods on a regular basis. In such cases, dog sitters, daycare arrangements, or help from family and friends may be needed.

Daily routines with a Pug involve more than just short walks. Owners should plan for:

• At least two to three opportunities for gentle exercise each day, adjusted for weather and the dog’s age and health
• Time for training games, grooming, and simple play
• Regular checks of facial folds, eyes, and ears

In terms of living space, Pugs adapt very well to apartments and small houses as long as their exercise and social needs are met. They do not require a large garden, but they do enjoy safe outdoor access. Many Pugs are sensitive to extremes of temperature. Air conditioning or fans in hot weather, and warm bedding away from draughts in winter, can make a big difference to their comfort.

Financially, owning a Pug involves the usual ongoing costs of quality food, grooming tools, vaccinations, and parasite prevention, along with breed specific health considerations. Because Pugs may be more prone to respiratory issues, eye problems, and skin conditions, veterinary costs can sometimes be higher than for some other breeds. Pet insurance is often a sensible choice to help manage potential unexpected expenses. Annual costs can vary widely by country and personal choices, but prospective owners should broadly budget for:

• Quality dog food appropriate for a small breed, often in a weight management or sensitive formula
• Routine veterinary care and preventive treatments
• Possible specialist consultations if breathing, eye, or skin problems arise
• Basic equipment such as a well fitting harness, lead, comfortable bed, bowls, toys, grooming tools, and possibly clothing for cold or wet weather

A harness is usually recommended instead of a collar for walking a Pug. Because of their short neck and potential airway vulnerabilities, pressure from a collar can make breathing more difficult. A soft, adjustable harness that avoids putting strain on the throat is much more comfortable and safer. Non slip mats, ramps or steps for sofas and beds, and baby gates to block access to stairs can also be useful in preventing accidents and reducing strain on joints.

Mentally, Pugs benefit from gentle but consistent boundaries. They are charming and can be quite persuasive when they want something, especially food or attention. Without clear rules, they may develop habits such as begging at the table, barking when ignored, or jumping up on guests. Calm, consistent training from the puppy stage, combined with plenty of praise for desired behaviour, keeps the Pug pleasant and easy to live with.

Prospective owners should also think about grooming and cleaning in daily life. Pugs shed more than many people expect, and their loose hair will appear on clothes, furniture, and carpets. Investing in a good vacuum cleaner, washable throws for sofas, and regular brushing helps keep the home under control. The short muzzle can also lead to some snorting, snoring, and occasional drooling, which some people find endearing, while others may need time to adjust.

The emotional reward of living with a Pug is often very high. They tend to develop deep bonds with their families and show real affection and loyalty. A Pug will often greet its people with great enthusiasm, settle quickly for cuddles, and respond strongly to human moods. For individuals or families ready to commit to careful health management, daily interaction, and sensible weight and temperature control, the Pug can be an exceptionally loving companion that brings warmth and humour to everyday life.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

Are Pugs good family dogs and how do they behave with children?

They are typically affectionate, people oriented dogs that enjoy being close to their family. Most do very well with respectful children due to their sturdy build and playful nature, but they can be sensitive to rough handling. Early socialization and supervision with young kids are important so interactions stay gentle and positive.

How much exercise does a Pug really need, and can they overheat easily?

They need daily walks and short play sessions, but their flat face and compact body limit stamina. Overheating is a serious risk, especially in warm or humid weather, because they cannot cool themselves efficiently through panting. Several short, calm outings in the cooler parts of the day are safer than long, intense exercise.

What are the most common health problems in Pugs that owners should watch for?

They are prone to breathing difficulties related to their short muzzle, eye injuries, skin fold infections and joint issues such as hip dysplasia and luxating patella. Many also develop spinal problems and weight gain, which makes other conditions worse. Regular vet checks, weight control and prompt attention to any changes in breathing, eyes or movement are important.

Why do Pugs snore and snort so much, and is it normal?

The flattened facial structure and narrow airways cause noisy breathing, snorting and snoring, which is common for the breed. Some noise is expected, but constant struggling for breath, blue gums, or collapse are not normal and need urgent veterinary care. Keeping weight down and avoiding heat or overexertion can reduce breathing strain.

Are Pugs hard to housetrain compared to other small breeds?

They can be a bit slower to housetrain because they may be stubborn and easily distracted, but they are also very food motivated. Consistent routines, frequent outdoor breaks and positive reinforcement usually lead to success. Patience is key, and using puppy pads long term can sometimes confuse them, so clear expectations help.

How much grooming do Pugs need and do they shed a lot?

Despite their short coat, they shed heavily year round, especially the double coated individuals. Weekly brushing, or even several times a week, helps manage loose hair and keep the coat healthy. Facial wrinkles, ears and tail folds need regular cleaning to prevent moisture buildup and skin infections.

Is a Pug a good choice for apartment living or for people who work full time?

They are well suited to apartment living because they are small and usually not excessively noisy, but they are very people focused. Long hours alone can lead to boredom, anxiety or unwanted behaviors, so they do best with owners who can provide company, interactive toys and a consistent routine. Short walks and indoor play are usually enough if scheduled reliably each day.

What special care do a Pug’s eyes and facial wrinkles need?

Their prominent eyes are vulnerable to scratches, ulcers and irritation, so any redness, squinting or discharge should be checked quickly. Facial wrinkles should be gently wiped with a damp cloth and dried thoroughly several times a week to prevent irritation and infection. Avoid harsh products near the eyes and folds unless advised by a veterinarian.

How can I keep my Pug at a healthy weight when they love food so much?

They are very prone to obesity, which worsens breathing and joint problems, so portion control is crucial. Use a measured daily ration, limit treats and choose low calorie rewards like small pieces of vegetables when appropriate. Regular, moderate exercise and avoiding table scraps help maintain a healthy body shape and energy level.

Are Pugs easy to train and what training methods work best for them?

They are intelligent but can be independent and somewhat stubborn, so short, upbeat training sessions work better than long, repetitive ones. Positive reinforcement with treats, praise and play is usually very effective because they enjoy food and attention. Harsh corrections can damage trust, while consistent, kind guidance brings better results.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)
• Norsk Kennel Klub (Norwegian Kennel Club)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
• Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights (AVAR) - Germany