Pomeranian

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Tiny companion with a surprisingly big-dog personality and confident attitude
• Famous double coat that creates a fluffy “ball of fur” look around neck and chest
• Highly alert watchdog that will happily announce visitors, squirrels, and falling leaves
• Intelligent and quick to learn, but can be a little opinionated if training is inconsistent
• Adaptable to city apartments and small homes, as long as they live close to their people

Appearance & Coat

The Pomeranian is a small, compact toy dog, but there is nothing fragile about the way this breed carries itself. A typical adult weighs between 1.8 and 3.5 kilograms, with a body that is slightly longer than it is tall and a proud, upright posture. Viewed from the side, a well built Pomeranian looks balanced and solid for its size, with a level back, a deep enough chest, and strong, straight legs that give it a lively, springy movement. The head is fox like, with a short but not overly flat skull, a clear stop, and a neat, tapered muzzle. Dark, almond shaped eyes give an alert, bright expression, while small, pointed ears stand erect on top of the head, adding to the inquisitive look many owners fall in love with.

One of the Pomeranian’s most distinctive features is the abundant double coat. The undercoat is soft, thick, and dense, while the outer coat is long, harsh, and straight. This combination creates the famous “puffy” outline, especially around the neck and shoulders, where the hair forms a lion like ruff. The tail is another hallmark, set high and carried flat over the back, heavily covered with long fur that contributes to the rounded silhouette. The coat frames the body rather than lying flat, which is why even a very small Pomeranian can look much larger than the scale says.

Pomeranians come in a wide variety of colors, which is part of their charm. Common colors include orange, black, cream, white, sable, chocolate, and various combinations such as particolor or tan markings. Some dogs change shade as they mature, especially from puppyhood to adulthood, so it is not unusual for an orange puppy to grow into a slightly lighter or darker adult. Show breeders often pay close attention to coat color and texture, but for a pet owner it is more important that the coat is healthy and well maintained.

Practical coat care is essential if you want your Pomeranian to look and feel its best. Many new owners are surprised to learn that the coat is actually easier to manage if it is brushed regularly. A deep brushing two or three times per week helps remove dead undercoat, prevents matting, and keeps the skin ventilated. Instead of just skimming over the top, it is better to part the coat in sections and brush from the skin outward using a pin brush or slicker and a metal comb. Pay special attention to areas behind the ears, under the armpits, inside the hind legs, and under the tail, where friction can quickly cause tangles.

Bathing can be done every few weeks or when the dog is dirty, using a gentle dog shampoo and thorough rinsing. A carefully dried Pomeranian will look fuller, while a damp, half dried coat can mat more easily. Trimming is usually limited to tidying the feet, the hocks, and any stray hairs around the ears and tail. It is not recommended to shave a Pomeranian, because the double coat may never grow back the same way, and the dog can lose natural protection from cold and sun. Regular nail trimming, ear checks, and dental care complete the grooming routine, and many owners find that once they have a rhythm, coat care becomes a pleasant bonding time rather than a chore.

Temperament & Personality

Living with a Pomeranian feels a little like sharing your home with a very small, very cheerful person who has strong opinions about everything. This is a confident, lively companion that often seems unaware of its size. Many Pomeranians act as if they are much larger dogs, and they usually carry themselves with a proud, energetic air. At the same time, they are deeply attached to their people and often prefer to be as close as possible, whether that means curling up beside you on the sofa or trotting behind you from room to room.

With family members, Pomeranians are typically affectionate and eager for interaction. They tend to form especially strong bonds with one or two people, but most are friendly to the whole household if they are raised with love and respect. Because they are intelligent and observant, they often pick up on daily routines and emotions. Many owners say their Pomeranian seems to know when a stressful day has happened and responds by being extra cuddly or playful. Their alert nature also makes them keen watchdogs, and they will readily sound the alarm if they hear an unfamiliar noise.

Around children, a Pomeranian can be a joyful playmate, but there are some important considerations. Due to their small size, they are more vulnerable to accidental rough handling. A child who would be perfectly safe with a sturdy medium sized dog could unintentionally hurt a tiny Pomeranian just by hugging too tightly or dropping them. For this reason, the breed usually does best with older, dog aware children who can understand rules about gentle handling. Supervision is crucial, especially when kids and dogs are still learning each other’s boundaries. When treated kindly and respectfully, most Pomeranians enjoy playing fetch, learning tricks, and sharing quiet times with children.

With other dogs, Pomeranians can be social and curious, especially if they are well socialized from a young age. They are not always aware of their own size, which can lead them to challenge or chase much larger breeds. Owners need to be careful during off leash play with big dogs to avoid accidents. With small breeds and other toy dogs, many Pomeranians enjoy active play and can build close friendships. Their relationship with cats varies. Some live happily with cats if they are introduced calmly and given time to adjust, while others may try to chase. Early introductions and clear rules help a lot.

One of the most common challenges with the breed is barking. The same alert nature that makes the Pomeranian an excellent little watchdog can turn into frequent or excessive vocalizing if not managed. Many will bark at visitors, noises in the hallway, birds outside the window, or anything that seems new. Consistent training, teaching a “quiet” cue, and making sure the dog has enough mental and physical stimulation help reduce this behavior. Leaving a Pomeranian alone for long periods without company or activity can increase barking and might lead to other unwanted behaviors such as chewing or anxiety.

Another challenge is their independent streak. Pomeranians are clever, and they often like to do things their own way. If training is inconsistent or if the dog learns that persistent whining or barking results in attention, it can quickly become the one in charge. Despite their size, they need clear, gentle boundaries. When owners combine affection with structure, the Pomeranian’s best qualities shine through. You get a spirited, joyful companion that is a delight to live with and full of personality in daily life.

Training & Exercise

Although the Pomeranian is a toy breed, it is not a passive lap ornament. This is an active, intelligent dog that enjoys learning and doing things with its people. Training is not only about teaching good manners, it is also one of the best ways to keep a Pomeranian happy, healthy, and mentally balanced. They are typically quick learners and often very food or toy motivated, which means they usually respond well to reward based training methods.

Positive reinforcement works particularly well. Using small treats, praise, and play helps keep training sessions fun and engaging. Because of their size and sensitive nature, harsh corrections or heavy handed handling can make a Pomeranian nervous or stubborn. Instead, focus on short, frequent training sessions that end on a successful note. Many owners find that a few minutes of practice several times a day works better than one long session. Simple exercises such as “sit”, “down”, “come”, and “stay” not only teach essential obedience but also build a strong bond between dog and handler.

Pomeranians often excel in trick training. Their expressive nature and agility make them natural performers, and they enjoy the mental challenge. Teaching tricks like spinning, weaving through your legs, giving a paw, or jumping through a low hoop can be a fun way to keep them occupied indoors. Some also do very well in dog sports adapted to their size, such as mini agility, rally obedience, or scent games. These activities allow them to use their minds and bodies in a controlled, positive way.

Exercise needs for a Pomeranian are moderate in quantity but high in quality. They do not require long distance running, but they do benefit from daily walks and playtime. For most adults, two or three short walks per day, combined with indoor play and training, are enough to keep them satisfied. Puppies and young dogs usually have bursts of energy rather than sustained stamina, so several brief play sessions often suit them better than one long outing. It is important to watch for signs of fatigue, especially in hot weather, because their dense coat can make them more sensitive to heat.

When exercising a Pomeranian, safety is a priority. Due to their small size, they can be more vulnerable around traffic, bicycles, or large dogs. A secure harness is often preferable to a collar for walks, as it reduces pressure on the neck and trachea. Many owners use a soft harness that fits comfortably around the chest and shoulders. A lightweight, non retractable lead gives better control and reduces the risk of sudden jerks.

Mental exercise is as important as physical activity. Pomeranians thrive on tasks that require them to think. Puzzle toys, stuffed Kongs, scent work games such as “find the treat” hidden around a room, and basic obedience practice can all help prevent boredom. A bored Pomeranian is more likely to bark, chew, or develop attention seeking habits. In contrast, a dog that has had its mind and body engaged during the day is usually more relaxed and content in the evening.

Another important aspect of training involves socialization. Early, positive exposure to different people, places, sounds, and surfaces helps a Pomeranian develop into a confident adult. Because they are small, there is a risk that owners carry them everywhere instead of letting them explore. While carrying is sometimes necessary in crowded or unsafe areas, it is also important to let the dog walk, sniff, and experience the world at its own pace. Calm meetings with friendly dogs, visits to pet friendly shops, and gentle introductions to new environments all help build resilience.

With the right approach, training and exercise become enjoyable shared activities rather than chores. The Pomeranian is not demanding in miles per day, but it does ask to be involved, entertained, and respected. When those needs are met, this little dog flourishes and is often eager for the next opportunity to show how clever it can be.

Health

The Pomeranian is generally a robust little dog, but like all breeds it has some health issues that potential owners and breeders should be aware of. Understanding common concerns makes it easier to choose a responsible breeder, plan routine veterinary care, and spot potential problems early. With good care and a bit of luck, many Pomeranians enjoy long lives and can remain active well into their senior years.

One area to pay attention to is dental health. Toy breeds have small mouths with crowded teeth, which increases the risk of tartar build up, gum disease, and tooth loss. Regular tooth brushing is one of the most important preventive actions an owner can take. Using a dog safe toothpaste and a soft brush several times a week helps keep the mouth cleaner and can reduce bad breath. Professional dental cleanings under veterinary supervision may also be needed from time to time.

The Pomeranian’s small size can also make it prone to patellar luxation, which is a condition where the kneecap slips out of its normal position. This can cause lameness or an occasional skipping gait. Mild cases may only require monitoring, while more severe cases sometimes need surgery. Responsible breeders often screen their breeding dogs for patella issues and choose mates carefully to reduce the risk in offspring.

The trachea, or windpipe, is another area of concern. Collapsing trachea is more common in small breeds and can lead to coughing, especially when the dog is excited or pulling on the collar. Using a harness instead of a neck collar for walks can help protect this delicate structure. Maintaining a healthy body weight and avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke or harsh chemical fumes also supports respiratory health.

Some Pomeranians may be affected by hereditary conditions such as certain heart diseases, eye disorders, or hormonal imbalances like hypothyroidism. Alopecia X, often called “black skin disease” in this breed, is a coat condition that can lead to hair loss and darkened skin. It is mostly cosmetic but can be very distressing for owners who love the fluffy appearance. A veterinarian with experience in the breed can guide diagnosis and management.

Because of these potential issues, many national kennel clubs and breed clubs recommend various health tests for breeding dogs. These may include:

• Patella examinations
• Eye examinations by a veterinary ophthalmologist
• Heart checks
• In some countries, additional tests recommended by the breed club

Prospective puppy buyers should feel comfortable asking breeders which tests they perform and requesting to see documentation. A breeder who openly shares health information and is willing to discuss both strengths and weaknesses in their lines is usually a good sign.

Weight management is another key part of keeping a Pomeranian healthy. Extra kilos on such a small frame put strain on joints and the heart and can worsen respiratory issues. Feeding a high quality diet in measured portions and limiting rich treats helps maintain a lean, fit body. Regular exercise, even in a small garden or indoor space, supports muscle tone and joint health.

The typical lifespan of a well cared for Pomeranian is often between 12 and 16 years, with some living even longer. As dogs age, they may develop conditions such as dental issues, arthritis, or heart problems, which require more frequent veterinary visits and sometimes medication. Early detection makes treatment easier and can improve quality of life. Routine checkups, annual vaccinations, parasite prevention, and prompt attention to coughing, limping, changes in appetite, or behavioral shifts are all part of responsible ownership.

In summary, the Pomeranian is not a fragile breed, but its small size and specific predispositions call for thoughtful care. When health is prioritized in breeding and daily life, these lively little dogs often enjoy many years of companionship, enthusiasm, and charm.

History & Origins

The Pomeranian’s story begins far from the modern city apartments and sofas it often occupies today. This breed traces its roots back to the larger Spitz type dogs that lived in the northern parts of Europe. These ancestors were working dogs, used for tasks such as herding, guarding, and pulling sleds in harsh climates. They had thick double coats, prick ears, and curled tails, features that we still see in the modern Pomeranian, just in a much smaller package.

The name “Pomeranian” comes from the historical region of Pomerania, which lies along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, in what is now parts of Germany and Poland. It was in this region that Spitz type dogs began to be selectively bred in a smaller size, gradually evolving from sturdy farm helpers into companions. They became known among the local population and later among European nobility, who appreciated their lively temperament and striking appearance.

The breed’s real rise in fame, however, is closely linked to the British royal family. Pomeranians gained particular popularity during the reign of Queen Victoria in the 19th century. She encountered the breed while traveling in Europe and fell in love with the small, charming dogs. Queen Victoria became an enthusiastic breeder and exhibitor of Pomeranians, and her personal preference for smaller individuals encouraged a trend toward a reduced size. Over time, breeders in Britain and elsewhere continued to select for smaller stature and the abundant coat we recognize today.

As the breed spread across Europe and later to North America, it gradually moved further from its working roots and established itself as a companion dog. Breed clubs began to form, and official standards were written to describe the ideal Pomeranian in terms of structure, coat, and character. These standards were eventually adopted by national kennel clubs and by international organizations. While some details differ slightly from country to country, the core image of a small, sturdy, lively Spitz with a luxurious double coat remains the same.

Throughout the 20th century, Pomeranians appeared frequently at dog shows, where they were admired for their glamorous outline and spirited gait. At the same time, the breed became popular with the general public. Their manageable size and engaging personality made them suitable for various living environments, from large houses to city flats. Although they no longer herd livestock or pull sleds, traces of their Spitz heritage are still visible in their alertness, independence, and strong sense of territory.

Today, the Pomeranian is one of the most recognizable toy breeds in the world. In many countries it ranks among the more popular companion dogs. Modern Pomeranians are primarily kept as family pets and show dogs. Some also take part in dog sports, therapy work, and obedience, where their intelligence and trainability can shine. Responsible breeders continue to focus on balanced temperament, good health, and sound construction, aiming to preserve the breed’s charm without losing sight of functional structure.

Even though centuries have passed since the days of larger working Spitz dogs in the Baltic region, the Pomeranian still carries a little piece of that history in its confident stance and weather resistant coat. Understanding its origins helps explain why such a small dog can have such a remarkable presence and why it often seems to believe it is still a much bigger animal at heart.

Living with the Breed

Sharing your life with a Pomeranian is both a joy and a responsibility. Before bringing one home, it helps to think carefully about what daily life with this breed is really like. While the Pomeranian is small and relatively easy to manage in terms of space, it is not a low effort pet. It needs time, attention, grooming, and training to thrive.

One of the most important aspects of living with a Pomeranian is the need for companionship. This is a people oriented breed that generally does not enjoy long hours of solitude. A Pomeranian that is left alone day after day may become anxious, bark excessively, or develop destructive habits. People who work full time away from home should consider options such as dog sitters, doggy day care suitable for very small breeds, or sharing responsibilities with family members. Retirees, people working from home, or families with flexible schedules often find the breed fits well into their routines.

Financially, a Pomeranian is less expensive to feed compared to large dogs, but costs still add up. Prospective owners should budget for:

• Quality dog food suitable for a small, active breed
• Regular grooming tools or professional grooming sessions
• Routine veterinary care, vaccinations, parasite control, and dental checks
• Pet insurance or a savings buffer for unexpected health issues
• Training classes, especially for first time owners

Grooming is a recurring commitment. Even if you choose to visit a professional groomer every few months for a thorough bath and tidy, you still need to brush at home to prevent mats. This means setting aside regular time each week for coat care. It is helpful to introduce grooming gradually from puppyhood, using treats and calm handling, so that the dog learns to see brushing, nail clipping, and teeth cleaning as normal parts of life. Owners who enjoy grooming often find this routine very rewarding, as it strengthens the bond and keeps the dog comfortable.

In terms of living space, the Pomeranian adapts well to small homes and apartments as long as it gets daily walks and playtime. They are naturally curious and like to observe the world from windows or balconies, but it is important to ensure these places are safe and secure. Because of their size, they can slip through surprisingly small gaps or be at risk if balconies are not well protected. Inside the home, stairs and furniture may pose a risk if the dog regularly jumps from high sofas or beds. Teaching the dog to use small ramps or steps can help protect joints and reduce the risk of accidents.

Equipment choices can make daily life easier. A comfortable harness, a lightweight lead, and a secure identification tag or microchip are basic essentials. At home, many owners provide soft beds in more than one room, so the dog can rest near its people. Toys for chewing, fetching, and puzzle solving help keep the mind busy. Because Pomeranians enjoy being up at eye level, some owners use dog beds or safe steps that allow the dog to join them on the sofa without jumping.

Noise sensitivity and barking need thoughtful management in shared living environments like apartment blocks. Early training to reward quiet behavior and to redirect attention can prevent problems with neighbors. Many Pomeranians respond well when owners stay calm, provide enough activity, and avoid reinforcing barking by giving attention at the wrong time. A dog that is mentally and physically satisfied is usually quieter and more relaxed.

New owners should also prepare for the breed’s social nature. Pomeranians often enjoy greeting visitors and can be charming hosts, but they also tend to be protective of their territory. Teaching polite greeting behavior, such as sitting for attention instead of jumping or barking, helps create a pleasant experience for guests. Gradual exposure to different people, including calm children, men, women, and visitors with hats or umbrellas, will reduce the chances of fearfulness or overexcited barking.

In the long term, living with a Pomeranian means planning for its full life span. This includes adjusting routines as the dog ages. Senior Pomeranians may need softer bedding, more frequent but shorter walks, and additional veterinary checks. Their hearing or vision may decline, and they may become more sensitive to temperature changes. Owners who are prepared to adapt and support their dog through all stages will be rewarded with many years of affection and companionship.

Choosing a Pomeranian is not just about enjoying a fluffy, cute appearance. It is a commitment to living with an intelligent, active, and emotionally sensitive small dog that needs real involvement in your daily life. For people who are ready to invest time, patience, and love, the Pomeranian offers something very special in return: a loyal, entertaining, and spirited friend who brings a surprising amount of character into a very small body.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

Are Pomeranians good family dogs and do they get along with children?

They can be good family companions, but their tiny size and fragile build mean they are best suited to homes with gentle, dog‑savvy children. Many enjoy playing and being involved in family life, but supervision is important to prevent rough handling or accidental injury.

How much exercise does a Pomeranian really need each day?

Despite their small size, they are active and typically need two short walks plus playtime each day. Mental stimulation such as training games is just as important as physical exercise, because they are alert, quick learners that can become noisy or restless if bored.

Do Pomeranians bark a lot and can this be controlled?

They are naturally vocal watchdogs and tend to bark at new sounds, people or animals. Early training that rewards quiet behavior, along with enough exercise and mental activity, can significantly reduce nuisance barking but will not eliminate their alert nature.

What kind of grooming does a Pomeranian’s double coat require?

Their thick double coat needs brushing several times a week to prevent matting, especially around the neck, behind the ears and on the hindquarters. Professional grooming every few months can help keep the coat tidy, and shaving very short is generally discouraged because it can damage coat texture and growth.

Are Pomeranians prone to specific health problems?

They are particularly at risk for dental disease, luxating patellas, tracheal collapse and certain eye conditions. Regular veterinary checkups, good dental care and careful weight management help reduce the impact of these common issues.

Is a Pomeranian a good choice for apartment living?

Their small size and moderate exercise needs suit apartments well, as long as their barking is managed. They need daily walks, indoor play and consistent training so that their watchdog tendencies do not cause conflicts with neighbors.

How fragile is a Pomeranian and what should owners watch out for?

They have fine bone structure and are vulnerable to injury from falls, jumps off furniture and rough handling. Owners should supervise interactions with children and larger dogs, use a harness instead of a collar for walks and be cautious on stairs and slippery floors.

What is the typical temperament of a Pomeranian with strangers and other dogs?

They are usually bold, curious and sometimes a bit suspicious of strangers, often announcing visitors with barking. With other dogs, they may act fearless despite their size, so early socialization is important to build confidence and appropriate manners.

Do Pomeranians shed a lot and is there a heavy shedding season?

They shed year‑round and many go through heavier seasonal shedding, especially when they blow their undercoat. Regular brushing and frequent vacuuming help manage loose hair, but people wanting a low‑shed breed may find the coat difficult to live with.

Are Pomeranians easy to train and housebreak?

They are intelligent and usually eager to learn, which makes basic obedience training quite achievable with positive methods. Housebreaking can take patience because of their small bladder size, so a consistent schedule, frequent trips outside and sometimes indoor potty options are helpful.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)
• Dansk Kennel Klub (Danish Kennel Club)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
• Norwegian Kennel Club