Chihuahua

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• One of the smallest dog breeds in the world, often weighing less than 3 kg, yet full of bold attitude.
• Comes in two coat varieties, smooth and long coat, with almost every color and pattern you can imagine.
• Deeply attached to their favorite person and known for being devoted, alert, and surprisingly brave.
• Needs less physical space than many breeds, but far more companionship and mental stimulation than people expect.
• Lives a long life compared with many breeds, often 12 to 16 years or more with good care and responsible breeding.

Appearance & Coat

The Chihuahua may be tiny, but this is a well balanced, sturdy little dog, not a fragile ornament. Breed standards describe a small companion dog with a compact body, slightly longer than tall, and a distinctive rounded apple shaped head. The muzzle is relatively short and fine, but it should never be so extreme that it interferes with breathing or dental health. Large, expressive eyes and upright ears give the Chihuahua a bright and alert expression that many people fall in love with at first sight.

Adult Chihuahuas usually stand around 15 to 23 centimeters at the shoulder, and the ideal show weight typically sits between 1.5 and 3 kg. Some pet Chihuahuas are a little heavier, especially if they are not kept lean enough, so owners must be careful not to overfeed this small dog. Even a few extra treats can make a noticeable difference on such a tiny frame and put strain on joints, heart, and overall health.

The breed comes in two coat types. The smooth coat Chihuahua has a short, close fitting coat that feels soft and glossy to the touch. This type is relatively easy to care for, although many owners are surprised by how much such a small dog can shed. Weekly brushing with a soft bristle brush or grooming glove usually keeps hair under control and helps spread natural oils for a healthy shine.

The long coat Chihuahua has a fine, soft coat that may be straight or slightly wavy. Feathering appears around the ears, neck, back of the legs, and tail. Despite its glamorous appearance, the long coat is not as demanding as many long haired breeds. A gentle brush two or three times a week usually prevents tangles. Owners should pay special attention behind the ears, around the neck, and in the feathering on the back legs, where small knots can form if left alone.

One of the joys of the Chihuahua breed is the incredible variety of colors and markings. They can be solid, marked, or splashed, in shades such as fawn, black, chocolate, cream, white, blue, and many more, sometimes with tan points or white markings. From pale cream long coats that look almost like tiny foxes, to smooth black and tan dogs with a sleek, sharp look, there is a Chihuahua style to suit many tastes.

Bathing is only needed occasionally, usually every few weeks or when the dog gets dirty. Because Chihuahuas are small and can chill easily, lukewarm water, a gentle dog shampoo, and a quick, thorough towel dry are important. Many long coat owners like to use a wide tooth comb after bathing to keep the coat smooth and tangle free. Nail trimming, ear checks, and dental care are essential parts of grooming, especially because small mouths tend to crowd teeth. With consistent coat and body care, a Chihuahua stays clean, comfortable, and ready to be cuddled.

Temperament & Personality

The Chihuahua is often described as a big dog in a tiny body, and that captures much of the breed’s character. These dogs are usually alert, spirited, and highly aware of everything going on around them. Many Chihuahuas form a particularly strong bond with one person in the household. They may still love the rest of the family, but there is often one special human who becomes their chosen favorite, and they like to be wherever that person is.

In daily life, a well bred, well socialised Chihuahua can be a friendly, affectionate, and entertaining family companion. They commonly enjoy snuggling under blankets, sitting on laps, and following their people from room to room. While they can be playful and lively, they also settle well indoors, which suits apartment living or homes without large gardens. They often enjoy a predictable routine and feel secure when they know what to expect, such as regular mealtimes, walks, and cuddle sessions.

With children, Chihuahuas require some careful thought. The breed is small and can be injured by rough handling, falls, or being dropped. For this reason, they are usually better suited to homes with older, calm children who can understand rules about gentle interaction. When children are taught to sit on the floor to hold the dog, to let the Chihuahua walk away if it wishes, and to never treat it like a toy, relationships can be very positive. Supervision is vital, especially with visiting children who may not know how to handle such a small dog.

Many Chihuahuas can live peacefully with other dogs and even cats, especially if raised together or introduced carefully. However, their bold nature means they sometimes believe they are larger than they really are. It is not uncommon to see a Chihuahua challenge a much bigger dog. Owners must protect them from dangerous situations and teach polite dog manners from a young age. Calm, well socialised adult Chihuahuas often enjoy the company of dogs of similar size and energy.

Common challenges with the breed include barking, suspicion of strangers, and defensive behavior if they feel threatened or cornered. Without early socialisation, some Chihuahuas may become nervous or snappy, particularly if they are constantly picked up or not allowed to explore the world on their own four paws. Another issue is over attachment. If a Chihuahua is never left alone and is allowed to follow its owner everywhere, separation anxiety may develop. Setting gentle boundaries, providing independent play time, and teaching them to relax on a bed or mat away from laps helps prevent this.

At their best, Chihuahuas are charming, clever, and full of personality. They often provide endless amusement with their expressive faces, proud little strut, and enthusiastic welcome when their people return home. They thrive on human contact and emotional connection, so they fit well into homes where they are treated as a true family member, included in everyday activities, and guided with kindness and consistency.

Training & Exercise

Because of their small size, some people assume Chihuahuas do not need training. In reality, good training is just as important for this breed as it is for larger dogs. A well trained Chihuahua is safer, happier, and far more enjoyable to live with, and training can be great fun for both dog and owner.

Chihuahuas respond best to positive, reward based methods. They are sensitive and can become worried or defensive if handled roughly or shouted at. Small dogs also remember negative experiences for a long time, so gentle guidance is essential. Food rewards, praise, and play with a favorite toy work well, but owners should use tiny treats to avoid unnecessary weight gain. Short, frequent training sessions suit their attention span. Three to five minutes of focused practice several times a day can be more effective than one long session.

Important skills for a Chihuahua include walking nicely on a lead, coming when called, and learning to settle calmly in different environments. Early socialisation is crucial. Puppies should be carefully and gradually introduced to new people, safe dogs, sounds, and places so that they grow into confident adults. Because of their size, there is a temptation to carry them everywhere, but it is important that they also spend plenty of time walking on their own for proper physical and mental development.

Exercise needs for a Chihuahua are moderate compared with many larger breeds, but they still need daily activity. Most adults enjoy at least two short walks per day, combined with playtime at home. A healthy, fit Chihuahua can often keep up surprisingly well on longer walks, although they may tire more quickly on very rough terrain, in deep snow, or in hot weather. Owners should always watch for signs of fatigue or overheating, such as heavy panting or reluctance to continue. Because of their small size, they lose body heat quickly in cold or wet weather, so a well fitted coat or jumper is useful.

Mental exercise is just as important as physical exercise. Chihuahuas are intelligent and curious, and they enjoy learning tricks, solving simple food puzzles, or practicing obedience skills. Many do well in canine activities that suit small breeds, such as agility adapted for their size, rally, or heelwork to music. Even if you never compete, using these sports for fun can strengthen the bond between dog and owner and help channel the Chihuahua’s quick mind.

Some owners struggle with housetraining, especially if the dog is allowed to toilet on pads indoors. Consistency is the key. Regular trips outside, especially after meals, play, and waking, combined with reward for going in the right spot, usually solve most problems. Because small dogs have small bladders, more frequent toilet breaks are necessary, particularly for puppies and older dogs.

Overall, a Chihuahua does not demand hours of intense exercise, but it does need daily walks, play, and training to stay healthy and happy. If you enjoy teaching tricks, playing interactive games, and including your dog in your routines, the Chihuahua can be a delightful training partner who loves to show off its cleverness.

Health

Chihuahuas are generally a long lived breed, with many individuals reaching 14 to 16 years or more. Their size and adaptability often help them remain active well into old age. However, like all breeds, they have some health concerns that prospective owners should be aware of. Choosing a responsible breeder who carries out recommended health checks and breeds from sound, typical dogs is the first and most important step in supporting good health.

One common issue in small breeds, including the Chihuahua, is dental disease. Their small jaws can result in crowded or misaligned teeth, which trap plaque and lead to gum problems and tooth loss if not cared for. Daily or at least regular tooth brushing with a dog safe toothpaste is highly recommended. Regular veterinary dental checks and professional cleaning when needed can prevent painful problems later in life.

Many Chihuahuas are prone to patellar luxation, where the kneecap slips out of place. This can cause skipping steps, occasional lameness, or in severe cases, chronic pain and difficulty walking. Responsible breeders have their breeding dogs examined by a veterinarian for patella stability. New owners should keep their Chihuahua lean and avoid excessive jumping from high furniture to reduce joint stress. If any signs of lameness appear, a veterinary check is important.

Heart disease can occur in the breed, especially as dogs age. Conditions such as mitral valve disease can sometimes be picked up during routine checks when a vet listens for heart murmurs. Regular health examinations, usually once or twice a year for adults and more frequently for seniors, allow early detection and management. Keeping the dog at a healthy weight and providing appropriate exercise supports heart health.

Other points to be aware of include:

• Some Chihuahuas can suffer from tracheal collapse, a weakening of the windpipe that can cause coughing, especially when pressure is applied to the neck. For this reason, using a comfortable harness instead of a collar for lead walking is often advised.
• Eye injuries and dry eye may sometimes be seen, partly because of the relatively prominent eye shape. Gentle handling, avoiding harsh shampoos around the face, and prompt veterinary care if the eye looks red, cloudy, or painful are important.
• Some individuals may be sensitive to cold due to their size, which can lower immunity and increase the risk of respiratory issues if they are frequently chilled. Providing warm bedding and suitable clothing for outdoor trips in harsh weather helps prevent problems.

In puppies and young dogs, responsible breeders monitor for normal skull development and avoid breeding from lines with serious inherited defects. Very tiny or so called teacup Chihuahuas are at higher risk of health problems, including fragile bones, low blood sugar, and organ issues. Reputable breeders do not deliberately breed for extreme smallness, as it is not in the best interests of the dog’s welfare.

Health testing recommendations vary slightly by country, but often include patella checks, eye examinations by veterinary ophthalmologists, and sometimes heart evaluations, especially for breeding dogs. New owners should ask breeders which tests have been done and request to see the results. Good breeders are usually happy to discuss health openly.

With sensible care, regular veterinary check ups, appropriate vaccinations, parasite prevention, and a balanced diet suited to small breeds, most Chihuahuas enjoy many years of lively companionship. Being proactive, noticing small changes early, and working closely with a trusted vet are the best ways to keep this little companion well throughout its life.

History & Origins

The Chihuahua is one of the most recognisable toy breeds in the world, and its history is both fascinating and somewhat mysterious. The breed takes its name from the Mexican state of Chihuahua, where small dogs resembling this type were widely found in the nineteenth century. However, their roots probably reach far deeper into the past.

Many historians believe that the modern Chihuahua descends from ancient companion dogs kept by civilizations in what is now Mexico. One frequently mentioned ancestor is the Techichi, a small, often silent dog described in records from the Toltec civilization. These little dogs appear in carvings and artifacts, and they are thought to have played a role in spiritual and domestic life. Later, when the Aztecs rose to power, they are believed to have adopted and further developed these small companion dogs.

With European contact and colonisation, local dog populations changed, and new types from other continents were introduced. Over time, the little native dogs likely mixed with imported companions, leading to a variety of small dogs in the region. In the nineteenth century, visitors from the United States and Europe began to notice these tiny Mexican dogs being sold to tourists, particularly in the state of Chihuahua, and brought them home as charming curiosities.

Early Chihuahuas that arrived in the United States and Europe varied somewhat in size, shape, and coat. Through selective breeding and careful record keeping, fanciers began to establish a more consistent type. Breed clubs were formed, and kennel clubs gradually granted official recognition. Smooth coat dogs were more common at first, but long coat Chihuahuas soon appeared and were either developed from existing coat variations or influenced by crossings with other small long haired breeds in the early days. Today both coat types are recognised and share the same breed standard in many kennel clubs.

Originally, the Chihuahua’s role was primarily that of a companion. Its small size and alert nature made it suitable as a house dog that would warn of visitors and share daily life with people. Unlike some breeds that were developed for herding, hunting, or guarding large properties, the Chihuahua has always been closely associated with human company. This close bond continues today. Modern Chihuahuas are kept almost entirely as companions and family pets, although some also take part successfully in dog shows, agility, obedience, and other activities.

Global popularity really took off in the twentieth century, partly because the breed adapted so well to city and apartment living. Their appearance in films, television, and advertising further increased public awareness. Unfortunately, rapid popularity can lead to irresponsible breeding, so many breed clubs work hard to educate the public about choosing ethical breeders who prioritise health and temperament.

Today, the Chihuahua is loved in many countries around the world. It remains especially associated with Mexico, where it is seen by many as a national treasure and symbol of local heritage. Despite its long journey from ancient companion dog to modern pet, the essence of the Chihuahua has changed very little. It is still a tiny but courageous dog that thrives on closeness to people and brings character and warmth to households of all kinds.

Living with the Breed

Living with a Chihuahua can be a wonderful experience, but it is important to understand what daily life with this breed really involves. Their small size makes them suitable for many types of homes, from city flats to country houses, but they are not low effort accessories. They are active, emotional little beings who need attention, structure, and thoughtful care.

One of the biggest considerations is their need for company. Chihuahuas usually want to be near their people most of the time. They are not a breed that enjoys being left alone for long working days without company or stimulation. Owners who are often at home, can take the dog along on errands, or have another calm dog for companionship often find that their Chihuahua is more relaxed. If regular alone time is unavoidable, it is essential to build independence gradually by teaching the dog that short separations are safe and always followed by your return.

Financially, Chihuahuas can cost less in some areas, such as food, because they are small. However, good quality nutrition is still important, and veterinary care, insurance, grooming tools, and training classes cost much the same regardless of size. Over a year, you can expect expenses that include:

• Quality small breed food and treats
• Vaccinations, routine vet checks, and parasite prevention
• Possible insurance premiums, which can help with unexpected health issues
• Basic equipment such as beds, leads, harnesses, coats, and toys

Because of their joint and trachea concerns, many owners prefer to invest in a well fitting harness and a light, comfortable lead rather than relying on a collar for walks. A secure, cosy bed, ideally with soft sides or blankets they can burrow under, helps Chihuahuas feel safe and warm. In cooler climates, several jumpers or coats are useful, especially for thin coated or elderly dogs. Non slip mats or rugs on slippery floors can prevent accidents and support joint health.

Household safety is another important aspect. It is wise to look at your home from the perspective of a very small dog. Gaps under fences, steep stairs, open balconies, and heavy doors can all pose risks. Chihuahuas can squeeze through surprisingly small spaces, so gardens and outdoor areas need secure fencing. They should not be left unattended in gardens where larger dogs, birds of prey, or foxes may pose a risk. Indoors, teaching family members to check where the dog is before sitting on sofas or moving chairs helps avoid accidental injuries.

Socially, new owners should invest time in socialisation. Joining a good puppy class, arranging playdates with friendly, vaccinated small dogs, and visiting dog friendly shops or cafes can help the Chihuahua learn to cope with the variety of situations it will meet in life. At the same time, the dog has the right to say no. If your Chihuahua is overwhelmed, distance, calm reassurance, and gradual exposure are better than forcing contact.

Grooming and health routines should become part of normal life from day one. Touching paws, opening the mouth gently for tooth brushing, and handling ears and tail in a calm, rewarding way helps the dog accept necessary care. Regular brushing, nail trims, and dental care all become easier when introduced early. Building a positive relationship with your vet is valuable too, since Chihuahuas often live many years and will need ongoing support in later life.

Emotionally, this breed rewards kindness and clear communication. Chihuahuas often mirror the mood of their homes. In calm, structured households they are usually relaxed, while in very chaotic homes they may become anxious and barky. Clear rules, such as where the dog sleeps, how it meets visitors, and who is responsible for walks and feeding, help the Chihuahua feel secure.

For the right person or family, living with a Chihuahua means sharing life with a devoted, entertaining, and surprisingly courageous little friend. They are ideal for people who want a small dog but are ready to invest real time and love into training, socialisation, and health care. In return, a Chihuahua often gives years of loyalty, warmth, and joyful companionship that feels far bigger than its tiny size suggests.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

Are Chihuahuas good family dogs or are they better for single owners?

They can live happily in families, but they are usually best suited to calm households with older, respectful children. Because of their tiny size and tendency to bond closely with one person, rough handling or chaotic environments can easily stress them and lead to nipping or nervous behavior.

Why do Chihuahuas shake so much, and is it always a health problem?

Trembling is very common in this breed and often relates to excitement, anxiety, or feeling cold because of their small body and low fat reserves. However, persistent shaking, weakness, or collapse can signal low blood sugar, pain, or a neurological issue, so any change from your dog’s normal pattern should be checked by a vet.

How much exercise does a Chihuahua really need considering its size?

Most do well with two or three short walks a day plus some indoor play, adding up to around 30 to 45 minutes of gentle activity. They are small but often energetic, so regular mental stimulation with training or games is just as important as physical exercise.

What health problems are Chihuahuas most prone to?

Common issues include dental disease, luxating patella (loose kneecaps), heart problems such as mitral valve disease, and eye conditions. They may also be at risk for tracheal collapse and low blood sugar in very small individuals, so routine vet care and careful monitoring of breathing, mobility, and eating habits are important.

Are Chihuahuas hard to house train compared with other dogs?

They have a reputation for being slower to house train, partly because their tiny size makes accidents easy to overlook and they can be sensitive to bad weather. Consistent routines, frequent outdoor trips, and positive reinforcement from the first day home usually make training much more successful.

Do Chihuahuas bark a lot, and can their barking be controlled?

Many are naturally vocal watchdogs that alert to small noises and movement. Early training to teach a quiet cue, combined with good socialization and enough mental stimulation, can significantly reduce nuisance barking, although some level of alertness is typical for the breed.

What special care do Chihuahuas need because of their tiny size?

They are vulnerable to injury from falls, being stepped on, or jumping off furniture, so they need a carefully managed environment and supervision around larger pets and children. Owners should also watch for rapid drops in blood sugar in very small or young dogs and protect them from cold with appropriate clothing and warm bedding.

How do long-haired and smooth-coated Chihuahuas differ in grooming needs?

Smooth coats need minimal grooming, usually a weekly brush and occasional bath. Long-haired dogs require more frequent brushing to prevent tangles and may need extra attention around the ears, tail, and trousers, but both coat types shed moderately rather than heavily.

Are Chihuahuas suitable for apartment living and urban environments?

Their small size and relatively low exercise needs make them very compatible with apartment life. The main challenges in cities are noise sensitivity and barking, so good socialization to sounds, people, and elevators or stairwells is important from an early age.

Is it safe for Chihuahuas to live with bigger dogs or other pets?

They can live peacefully with larger dogs and other animals if all pets have steady temperaments and interactions are closely supervised. The main risk is accidental injury to the smaller dog, so jumping, rough play, and unsupervised time together should be carefully managed.

Sources

• The British Chihuahua Club
• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)
• Dansk Kennel Klub (Danish Kennel Club)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)