Brussels Griffon

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Lively toy companion with a big-dog attitude in a small, sturdy body
• Famous humanlike facial expression, complete with beard, moustache, and large dark eyes
• Comes in two coat types (rough and smooth) and several rich colors, including red and black and tan
• Deeply attached to their people and often described as “velcro dogs” that follow you everywhere
• Intelligent and sensitive, so they respond best to gentle, reward-based training and plenty of affection

Appearance & Coat

The Brussels Griffon is a small toy breed, but do not let the size fool you. This is not a delicate ornament dog. A well-bred Griffon has a compact, sturdy body with a good amount of bone for its height. Adult dogs usually stand around 18 to 20 centimeters at the withers and weigh roughly 3.5 to 6 kilograms, though responsible breeders focus more on sound structure than exact numbers on a scale. The overall impression is square and balanced, with the length of body close to the height, giving the dog a solid and somewhat alert little silhouette.

The head is the most distinctive feature of the Brussels Griffon and is what often makes people fall in love at first sight. It is relatively large compared to the body, with a high, rounded skull and a very short nose placed high up, which creates the famous “monkey-like” or almost human expression. The eyes are large, round, and very dark, framed by strong brows and, in the rough-coated variety, by a full beard and moustache. Ears are small and set high, typically carried semi-erect or folded, contributing to the alert look.

The breed comes in two coat types:

• Rough-coated Brussels Griffon: The coat is harsh, dense, and slightly tousled, lying close to the body. The beard and furnishings on the cheeks and chin are particularly important for the typical expression.
• Smooth-coated (sometimes called Petit Brabançon in related breed families): Here the coat is short, glossy, and close-lying, with no beard or long furnishings. The head still keeps the characteristic expression, but the look is a little sleeker.

Coat colors include:

• Rich red
• Black
• Black and tan, often with clear tan points on eyebrows, muzzle, chest, and legs
• Red with some black mixed in, especially on beard and back

Coat care is not particularly difficult, but it is essential if you want your Brussels Griffon to stay comfortable and look its best. The rough coat benefits from regular hand-stripping, which means gently removing dead hairs by hand or with a stripping knife. This keeps the coat harsh, weather-resistant, and free from matting. Many pet owners choose to visit a groomer every 8 to 12 weeks, then maintain the coat between visits by:

• Brushing two to three times per week with a slicker brush and metal comb
• Trimming excess hair around the eyes, paws, and rear for hygiene and comfort
• Checking for small tangles in the beard and armpits, especially after walks in wet or muddy weather

The smooth-coated Griffon is far easier to groom. A weekly rub-down with a soft brush or grooming glove is usually enough to remove loose hairs and keep the coat shiny. Regular nail trimming, ear cleaning, and dental care are crucial for both coat types. Teeth, in particular, need attention, since toy breeds can be prone to dental problems if plaque is allowed to build up.

Temperament & Personality

Living with a Brussels Griffon feels a bit like sharing your home with a very small, very comical person. These dogs are known for their expressive faces and their ability to communicate exactly what they think with a tilt of the head or a look from those round, dark eyes. Many owners describe them as intense little personalities who are deeply attached to their chosen humans. They often form a special bond with one person in the family, but with good socialisation they can still enjoy affection from everyone.

In daily life, the Brussels Griffon likes to be involved in everything. They prefer to be where the action is, whether that means following you from room to room, “helping” while you work at your desk, or curling up beside you on the sofa. They are not a breed that enjoys being left alone for long hours every day. If forced to spend too much time by themselves, some may become anxious or develop unwanted behaviours such as barking or destructive chewing. For people who work from home or have flexible schedules, this close attachment can be a wonderful quality.

With families, a well-raised Griffon is affectionate, playful, and often clownish. They are usually gentle and can be good companions for sensible children who treat dogs with respect. However, they are small and can be injured by rough handling. For that reason, they are often better suited to families with slightly older children who can understand rules such as:

• Always sit on the floor when holding the dog
• Do not pull the beard, ears, or tail
• Let the dog retreat to its bed or crate when it wants a break

The Brussels Griffon is generally friendly toward other dogs, especially if they have been socialised early in life. They often enjoy the company of another small, playful dog, and many live happily in multi-dog and even multi-pet households. With cats, individual temperament matters. Some Griffons live calmly with cats, while others may enjoy chasing them. Early introductions and supervision help, and many breeders keep Griffon puppies with other animals to build those skills from the start.

Although they are small, Brussels Griffons have a big sense of self and can be surprisingly bold when meeting new dogs. They usually trust their own judgment and are not easily intimidated. This confidence is charming, but owners should ensure it does not slide into bossiness or pushiness. Clear, consistent boundaries from the beginning make for a more pleasant adult dog.

One common challenge with the breed is their sensitivity. A Griffon that is shouted at or handled roughly can easily become nervous or withdrawn. They respond far better to calm, clear guidance and enthusiastic praise. Another frequent issue is barking. These little dogs are often very alert to sounds and movement, and they may announce every visitor, passing dog, or suspicious leaf in the garden. Training a good “quiet” cue and managing the environment will help keep noise under control.

Overall, the Brussels Griffon is a loving, loyal, and entertaining companion who genuinely enjoys human company. For people who want an interactive, emotionally connected dog rather than a quiet ornament, this breed can be deeply rewarding.

Training & Exercise

The Brussels Griffon is bright and curious, often with a streak of independence that reminds you of a much larger dog. They enjoy learning and can be very clever, but they are not robotic workers who obey every command without question. To train a Griffon successfully, you need patience, a sense of humour, and a good supply of rewards, whether that is food, toys, or enthusiastic praise.

Positive, reward-based methods are essential. Heavy-handed or punishment-based training tends to backfire with this sensitive toy breed. Instead, aim for short, frequent training sessions that are fun and varied. A young Griffon puppy can start learning basic cues almost immediately, such as:

• Their name and a solid recall
• Sit, down, and stand
• Walk nicely on a loose lead
• “Leave it” and “drop” for safety
• A calm “stay” on a bed or mat

Because Brussels Griffons are quite people-focused, they often excel at training that feels like a shared game. Clicker training, trick training, and simple problem-solving activities are ideal for keeping their minds busy. Many owners are surprised to discover how well their Griffon can do in dog sports such as rally obedience, agility (on appropriately sized equipment), or scent games. The agility course, for example, lets them show off their athletic side, although jumps and obstacles should be kept moderate to protect their joints.

When it comes to exercise, the Brussels Griffon does not need marathon runs, but they are not purely lap dogs either. Most adults are content with:

• Two or three brisk walks per day, totalling around 45 to 60 minutes
• Regular opportunities to explore and sniff in safe outdoor areas
• Indoor play sessions, such as gentle fetch, tug with clear rules, or hide-and-seek with toys or treats

Because they are a brachycephalic breed with a short muzzle, care is needed in hot or very humid weather. Intense exercise in heat can be risky. Walks should be scheduled for cooler parts of the day, and the dog should always have access to shade and fresh water. Watch for signs of overheating such as excessive panting, drooling, or wobbliness, and stop activity immediately if you notice them.

Mental stimulation is just as important as physical exercise for a Brussels Griffon. Boredom can lead to barking, mischief, or attention-seeking behaviours. Food puzzles, slow feeders, snuffle mats, and training games are excellent choices. Teaching new tricks on a regular basis, such as spinning in a circle, bowing, or fetching specific toys on cue, is a fun way to keep their agile brains engaged.

One area where owners often need extra persistence is house training. Like many small breeds, some Griffons can take a bit longer to become fully reliable indoors. A strict routine, close supervision, and regular opportunities to go outside make a big difference. Accidents should be cleaned with an enzymatic cleaner, and punishment should be avoided, as it only teaches the dog to hide the behaviour, not to stop it.

Socialisation is another vital part of training. A young Brussels Griffon should meet a wide variety of people, dogs, places, surfaces, and sounds in a positive way. This helps prevent shyness or over-guarding and produces the confident, outgoing companion that the breed is meant to be. Puppy classes, carefully chosen playdates with friendly dogs, and gentle exposure to city life or country environments all contribute to a well-rounded adult.

In the right hands, the Brussels Griffon is a fun and willing little partner in training. They enjoy learning when the tasks feel like shared adventures rather than chores, and their eagerness to be close to their people is a great advantage in almost any activity.

Health

Overall, the Brussels Griffon is a reasonably healthy breed when bred responsibly, but, like all purebred dogs, it has some health issues that potential owners should understand. Knowing the common concerns and working with a careful breeder is the best way to give your future companion a long, comfortable life.

One of the most noticeable physical features of the Brussels Griffon is the short, high-set muzzle. This brachycephalic structure can be associated with breathing difficulties in some lines, especially if the nostrils are too narrow or the soft palate is too long. Responsible breeders pay close attention to open nostrils, good airflow, and a functional, athletic dog. As an owner, you can support your dog’s respiratory health by keeping them at a healthy weight, avoiding overexertion in hot weather, and watching for noisy breathing or snoring that may warrant a veterinary check.

Eye health is another important area. Those large, expressive eyes, while charming, can be prone to problems. Some Brussels Griffons may experience:

• Corneal ulcers, often due to trauma or dryness
• Cataracts or progressive retinal atrophy in some lines
• Irritation from hairs that grow too close to the eye if the beard and brows are not kept neatly trimmed

Regular eye checks by your vet, along with careful grooming around the face, help prevent or catch problems early. Any sign of squinting, rubbing at the eyes, or cloudiness should be investigated quickly.

The breed can also be susceptible to joint and skeletal issues, such as:

• Patellar luxation, where the kneecap slips out of place
• Hip or elbow dysplasia in some individuals, though this is less common than in larger breeds
• Syringomyelia and Chiari-like malformation, neurological conditions that can affect small, short-headed breeds, although the exact frequency in Brussels Griffons varies

Responsible breeders typically screen their breeding stock for patella stability and, in some regions, for hip and elbow quality or eye conditions. When speaking to breeders, it is reasonable to ask about health testing and any known issues in the lines.

Dental health is a frequent concern in toy breeds. The short muzzle and small jaw can lead to crowded teeth, which makes plaque build-up and gum disease more likely. Owners should plan to:

• Brush their Griffon’s teeth several times per week with dog-safe toothpaste
• Offer dental chews or safe chewing options
• Schedule regular dental checks with the vet and professional cleaning when needed

Another aspect to consider is anaesthesia sensitivity. Small breeds need carefully calculated doses and experienced veterinary care when undergoing surgery or dental procedures. Make sure your vet is familiar with toy breeds and that appropriate monitoring is in place.

With good breeding and proper care, Brussels Griffons often live between 12 and 15 years, and some reach even older ages in good condition. Maintaining a lean body weight, feeding a high-quality balanced diet, providing regular exercise, and keeping up with vaccinations and parasite prevention all contribute to a longer, healthier life.

Prospective owners should also budget for routine and potential non-routine veterinary costs. Even if your Griffon starts out perfectly healthy, conditions such as dental disease, eye problems, or joint issues can appear later in life. Pet insurance can be a wise investment to help cover unexpected expenses.

In summary, while the Brussels Griffon is not considered one of the unhealthiest toy breeds, thoughtful selection of a breeder who prioritises health, combined with attentive everyday care, is crucial. Early and regular veterinary checks ensure that any developing issue is caught and treated before it becomes serious, allowing your Griffon to enjoy its many years with you to the fullest.

History & Origins

The Brussels Griffon has its roots in the lively streets and stables of 19th century Belgium, particularly around Brussels. Long before they became treasured companions in elegant city homes, small rough-coated terriers were kept in stables and workshops to control rats and other vermin. These tough little dogs, known locally as “griffons d’écurie,” were valued for their quick reactions, courage, and determination rather than for their appearance.

Over time, fanciers in Brussels began to take a special interest in these small ratters and started breeding them selectively, not only for working ability but also for distinctive looks and charming personalities. It is believed that several breeds contributed to the development of the modern Brussels Griffon, including:

• A small, rough-coated stable dog of terrier type
• The Pug, which likely introduced the short muzzle and some of the rich red and black colors
• Possibly the King Charles Spaniel and other toy spaniels, adding refinement in head shape and temperament

Through this mixture, breeders created a small companion dog with a unique head, expressive eyes, and a lively nature. Over time, three closely related varieties emerged in Belgium: the rough-coated red Brussels Griffon, the rough-coated black or black and tan Griffon Belge, and the smooth-coated Petit Brabançon. In some countries, these are still recognised as separate breeds, while in others they are varieties within the same breed family.

The Brussels Griffon began to attract attention outside Belgium in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Their unusual faces, almost human in expression, appealed to dog enthusiasts in England and later in other parts of Europe and North America. The breed gained a reputation as an amusing, devoted house dog, ideal for people who wanted company and entertainment in a small package.

Two world wars were particularly hard on many European dog breeds, and the Brussels Griffon was no exception. Numbers fell dramatically, and dedicated breeders had to work carefully to rebuild the population. Through their efforts, the breed survived and gradually re-established itself in Belgium, the United Kingdom, and other countries.

The appearance of the Brussels Griffon in films and popular culture has occasionally given the breed a burst of fame. Their memorable facial expressions and compact size make them natural scene-stealers. However, the breed has never become extremely common and remains relatively rare in many parts of the world. This relative rarity can be an advantage, as it has helped maintain a core of serious breeders who care deeply about health, type, and character.

Today, the Brussels Griffon is primarily a companion dog rather than a working ratter, but traces of its history remain visible. The alert expression, readiness to bark at intruders, and quick, agile movement all hint at the small stable dog that once patrolled barns and workshops. At the same time, the breed has fully embraced its modern role as a close, affectionate housemate who thrives on human contact.

In contemporary life, Brussels Griffons can be found in city apartments, suburban homes, and rural cottages. They participate in dog shows, obedience and rally competitions, agility, and various dog sport activities, but above all they excel as loyal companions. Understanding their journey from rugged little ratter to cherished family dog helps explain their combination of toughness, sensitivity, and intense devotion to their owners.

Living with the Breed

Sharing your home with a Brussels Griffon is a long-term commitment that brings a lot of joy, but also some specific responsibilities. These small dogs are emotionally intense and thrive on close contact, so they are best suited to people or families who genuinely enjoy having a dog involved in daily life. If you prefer a very independent or low-interaction pet, the Griffon may not be the best match.

The breed adapts well to different types of housing, from apartments to houses with gardens. Their small size and moderate exercise needs fit city life quite well, provided they receive daily walks, chances to sniff and explore, and regular mental stimulation. A secure garden or courtyard is useful, but not essential, as long as you meet their activity needs through outdoor walks and indoor play. Good fencing is important, since Griffons can be surprisingly agile and curious if they see something interesting beyond the boundary.

New owners should be prepared for the time commitment involved in:

• Daily exercise and training sessions
• Regular grooming, especially for rough-coated Griffons
• Ongoing socialisation, especially in the first two years
• Veterinary care and preventive health checks

Financially, owning a Brussels Griffon is similar to owning other small purebred dogs. Initial costs include the purchase price of the puppy, vaccinations, microchipping, basic equipment, and possibly neutering or spaying. After that, you will have yearly expenses for:

• Quality dog food appropriate for a small active breed
• Routine veterinary care, including check-ups, vaccines, and parasite prevention
• Pet insurance or savings for unexpected medical costs
• Grooming appointments for rough-coated individuals
• Replacement of collars, harnesses, beds, and toys as needed

Over the lifetime of the dog, these costs add up, so it is important to plan realistically.

In terms of equipment, a few items are particularly valuable for living comfortably with a Brussels Griffon:

• A well-fitting harness that protects their neck during walks, combined with a lightweight lead
• A comfortable bed or crate placed in a quiet area of the home, where the dog can rest undisturbed
• Food and water bowls sized for a small breed, ideally non-slip and easy to clean
• Brushes and combs suited to your dog’s specific coat type, plus nail clippers or a grinder
• Chew toys and puzzle feeders to keep their mind and jaws occupied
• Warm, lightweight coats for cold or wet weather, as many Griffons dislike being chilled

Because they are so people-focused, Brussels Griffons are not ideal for households where the dog will be left alone for the entire working day on a regular basis. If this cannot be avoided, consider arranging dog daycare, a trusted dog sitter, or a friend or family member who can visit during the day. Long-term boredom and loneliness can lead to anxiety and nuisance behaviours.

Household rules are helpful in creating a calm, well-mannered Griffon. Decide early on whether the dog is allowed on furniture or beds, and be consistent. Teach polite greeting behaviours so that visitors are not overwhelmed by enthusiastic jumping or barking. Many owners find that a short period of crate or bed time when guests arrive helps the dog settle and prevents overexcitement.

Living with a Brussels Griffon also means enjoying their sense of humour. They often invent their own games, carry toys around proudly, or put on clownish displays to make you laugh. Including your Griffon in daily routines, such as watching television together, reading with the dog curled up beside you, or taking short outings in the car, strengthens the bond and keeps them content.

Finally, prospective owners should think about long-term planning. The breed commonly lives well into its teens, so bringing a Brussels Griffon into your life should be viewed as a 12 to 15 year commitment. Consider how your lifestyle might change during that time and whether you can still meet the dog’s needs. For those who are ready to make that commitment, living with a Brussels Griffon offers years of companionship, loyalty, and shared moments with a dog who feels more like a quirky little person than just a pet.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

What kind of temperament does a Brussels Griffon typically have?

This breed is usually alert, sensitive, and strongly attached to its primary person. They tend to be intelligent and expressive but can be a bit stubborn and reserved with strangers, which makes early socialization important.

Are Brussels Griffons good apartment dogs?

They are well suited to apartment living because of their small size and moderate exercise needs. However, they are very people oriented and do not do well if left alone for long periods, which can lead to vocalizing or anxiety.

How much exercise does a Brussels Griffon need each day?

Most adults are satisfied with a couple of brisk walks and some interactive play totaling 30 to 60 minutes a day. They enjoy mental stimulation and human interaction more than intense physical activity and should be protected from overheating due to their shorter muzzle.

What health problems are Brussels Griffons prone to?

Common concerns include brachycephalic airway issues, eye injuries due to prominent eyes, patellar luxation, and syringomyelia or other neurologic problems in some lines. Responsible breeders screen for these issues and owners should monitor breathing, eye health, and any signs of pain or weakness.

Do Brussels Griffons shed and how much grooming do they need?

The rough-coated variety sheds very little but needs regular brushing and occasional hand-stripping to keep the coat healthy and tidy. The smooth-coated variety sheds more and requires weekly brushing, plus routine care of ears, nails, and facial folds if present.

Are Brussels Griffons good with children and other pets?

They can live successfully with gentle, respectful children but are generally better suited to homes with older kids because of their small size and sensitivity. With early socialization they often get along with other dogs and cats, but many prefer calm companions rather than boisterous play.

Is a Brussels Griffon a good choice for a first-time dog owner?

They can work for a committed first-time owner who is home often and willing to invest time in training and socialization. Their sensitivity and strong attachment can be challenging for people who prefer a more independent or less vocal dog.

Why do some Brussels Griffons snore or have noisy breathing?

Their short muzzle and compact skull can narrow the airways, which may cause snoring, snorting, or noisy breathing, especially in heat or during exertion. Maintaining a lean body weight, avoiding intense exercise in hot weather, and seeking veterinary advice for any breathing difficulty are important.

How trainable are Brussels Griffons and are they hard to housebreak?

They are intelligent and can learn quickly but may be independent, so training should be consistent, reward based, and patient. Housebreaking can take longer than average for some individuals, and strict routines plus crate training often help.

Can a Brussels Griffon be left alone during the workday?

This breed tends to form very strong bonds and is prone to separation anxiety if left for long stretches on a regular basis. They do best in homes where someone is around much of the day or where arrangements can be made for companionship and activity during longer absences.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Sweden)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
• Société Centrale Canine (France)
• Deutscher Club für Griffon Bruxellois (Germany)