Cairn Terrier

The Kennel Club (UK)

Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)

Société Centrale Canine (France)

Cairn Terrier Club of Germany

Norwegian Kennel Club

Small, sturdy Scottish terrier bred to hunt among rocky cairns. Around 28–31 cm tall with a harsh, weatherproof double coat needing regular stripping and brushing. Bold, curious, affectionate, and vocal; enjoys daily walks, mental stimulation, and active family life. Generally hardy and long-lived.

## Quick Facts

- Ancient companion breed believed to have charmed nobility and traders around the Mediterranean for centuries  
- Small, sturdy toy dog with a long, white, silky coat that does not have an undercoat  
- Affectionate and people focused, often described as a “Velcro dog” that loves staying close to its owner  
- Adaptable to city apartments or houses, provided it gets daily walks and mental stimulation  
- Needs regular coat care and dental care, but usually has a long lifespan when well looked after  

## Appearance & Coat

The Maltese is a small toy breed, but there is more substance to this dog than many people expect at first glance. Under the flowing white coat there is a compact, balanced little body with good structure and surprising agility. Adult Maltese typically stand around 20 to 25 centimeters at the shoulder, with only slight differences between males and females. They should never look fragile or spindly. A well bred Maltese feels solid when you pick it up, with a straight back, well set tail and well proportioned head.

The head is one of the breed’s real charms. The skull is slightly rounded with a gently defined stop, dark round eyes, and a black nose that stands out against the white fur. The expression is alert, gentle and intelligent. Ears are dropped and covered in long hair that blends into the rest of the coat. The muzzle should not be extremely short, which helps with breathing and dental health.

The coat is one of the main reasons people fall in love with the Maltese. It is long, flat and silky in texture, with no woolly undercoat. The breed standard calls for pure white, although very slight lemon or pale ivory shading can sometimes appear on the ears. Because there is no undercoat, many owners with allergies find the Maltese more tolerable than many shedding breeds, although no dog can be guaranteed hypoallergenic.

In full coat the hair can reach the ground and flow beautifully around the dog, especially in the show ring. At home, however, many pet owners choose a shorter “puppy cut” for ease of care. A full coat requires daily attention. This usually includes:

- Gently brushing and combing the coat every day to prevent tangles  
- Checking behind the ears, under the legs and around the tail where mats form easily  
- Using a detangling spray to avoid breaking the fine hair  

Regular bathing is important, typically every one to three weeks depending on lifestyle. Always rinse thoroughly and dry the coat completely to avoid skin irritation. Because the hair around the eyes is white, tearing can create stains. Many owners carefully wipe the eye area daily with a damp cloth and keep the hair trimmed to reduce irritation. The hair on the feet and around the pads should also be trimmed, which helps with traction and keeps dirt from spreading through the house.

Although the show coat is breathtaking, do not feel guilty if you prefer a neat, manageable trim. A well groomed Maltese in a shorter coat is often much more comfortable for busy families. What matters most is that the coat is clean, free of mats and brushed often enough to keep the dog comfortable and the skin healthy.

## Temperament & Personality

The Maltese has been bred for centuries as a companion, and this shines through in the way the breed behaves in daily life. This is a dog that genuinely enjoys being with people. Most Maltese want to sit on your lap, follow you from room to room and sleep close by at night. They form very strong bonds with their owners and can be surprisingly sensitive to changes in mood or routine.

In a family, the Maltese is often a cheerful, lively presence. Many are playful well into old age and enjoy gentle games and short bursts of zooming around the living room. With children, they can be loving and patient, but their small size means that supervision is essential. Young kids must be taught how to handle a little dog carefully. Rough play, grabbing or dropping can easily cause injury. In families where children are calm and respectful, the Maltese is usually a devoted little friend who will happily take part in story time on the sofa or quiet play on the floor.

With strangers, the breed can range from outgoing and social to a bit reserved. A well socialized Maltese typically greets visitors with wagging tail and curiosity. Others may stand back, bark a little to alert their owners and then slowly warm up. Early exposure to different people, sounds and environments helps them develop confidence. Despite their size, many Maltese make surprisingly good watchdogs and will announce visitors with a clear, high bark.

Around other pets, Maltese usually do well when introduced correctly. They often enjoy the company of other small dogs and can get on with larger dogs that are gentle and calm. However, their boldness can get them into trouble if they challenge big, boisterous dogs. When it comes to cats, many Maltese live peacefully with them, especially if raised together from a young age. Their playful nature can either delight a friendly cat or annoy one that prefers solitude, so introductions should be done gradually.

One of the more common challenges with the breed is separation anxiety. Because they love being with their humans, Maltese can become stressed when left alone for long periods. This may show up as barking, whining, destructive chewing or soiling indoors. Building independence from puppyhood helps. Short, positive absences, safe chew toys, and calm departures and arrivals are all useful.

Another issue some owners face is excessive barking. The Maltese is alert and attentive, which can turn into yappy behavior if not managed. Teaching a quiet cue, giving the dog enough mental stimulation, and avoiding reinforcing barking (for example, rushing to the dog every time it makes a sound) are important strategies. Despite these challenges, most people who share their life with a Maltese describe them as funny, affectionate, clever and endlessly loyal. They are small dogs with big personalities, and they thrive in homes where their emotional needs are taken seriously.

## Training & Exercise

Although the Maltese is a toy breed, it should never be thought of as a toy in the sense of a decoration or accessory. This is an intelligent dog that benefits greatly from training and regular exercise. The good news is that their size and willingness to interact with people make them very rewarding to train, even for first time dog owners, provided the methods are gentle and consistent.

The Maltese responds best to positive reinforcement. That means using food rewards, praise, toys and play rather than harsh corrections. They can be quite sensitive, and raised voices or rough handling will usually shut them down or make them anxious. Short, fun training sessions work best. Many owners find that three to five minutes a few times per day is more effective than one long lesson. Because Maltese are often food motivated, tiny treats can be powerful rewards, but you should keep portion sizes small to avoid weight gain.

Basic obedience such as sit, down, come, and walking nicely on a leash should be taught from an early age. House training can take patience with small breeds, as their bladders are tiny and they need frequent toilet breaks. A consistent routine and close supervision indoors make a big difference. Some owners use indoor puppy pads at first, then gradually shift to outdoor toileting as the dog matures. Staying calm and avoiding punishment for accidents helps the dog learn faster.

In terms of exercise, Maltese do not require marathon runs, but they are not content to be carried everywhere either. Most adults enjoy one or two moderate walks per day, combined with playtime and mental stimulation. A typical daily routine might include:

- A 20 to 30 minute walk in the morning at the dog’s own pace  
- Short training or puzzle games during the day  
- Another shorter walk or play session in the evening  

They often love interactive games such as fetch with a soft toy, searching for treats hidden around the room, or learning simple tricks. Many Maltese excel in activities like rally obedience, heelwork to music and even agility, as long as the equipment is adjusted for their size. These sports strengthen the bond between dog and owner and provide valuable mental exercise.

Because of their small frame, care should be taken to avoid activities that are too rough or high impact. Jumping off furniture, running stairs frequently or leaping from your arms can lead to injuries. Using ramps or steps to help your Maltese get on and off sofas or beds can be very helpful. Walking on varied surfaces, such as grass, gravel and forest paths, can help strengthen muscles and keep joints healthy without too much strain.

In hot weather, keep exercise sessions short and avoid the hottest part of the day, especially if your Maltese is in full coat. In cold or wet conditions, they may appreciate a light, waterproof coat to stay comfortable. The key point is that a Maltese should be active and engaged, but always within safe limits for its size. A well exercised Maltese that uses both body and brain is usually calmer, happier and easier to live with.

## Health

The Maltese is generally a long lived breed, and many individuals reach their early to mid teens with good care. However, like all breeds, there are some health concerns that potential owners should be aware of. Responsible breeders work hard to reduce the risk of these issues by careful selection of breeding dogs and relevant health testing.

One common concern in small breeds is dental disease. The small mouth and close set teeth of a Maltese can easily lead to tartar build up, gum inflammation and tooth loss if not managed. Daily or at least frequent tooth brushing with dog safe toothpaste is highly recommended. Regular dental checks by a veterinarian and professional cleaning when necessary help prevent more serious problems such as infections that can affect the heart, kidneys or liver.

Patellar luxation, where the kneecap slips out of place, is another condition seen in the breed. This can cause intermittent lameness, skipping steps or discomfort when moving. In mild cases, management through weight control and careful exercise may be enough. More severe cases sometimes require surgical correction. Breeders can have their dogs’ knees examined and graded to help reduce the incidence of this problem.

Some Maltese may be prone to issues such as:

- Legg Calvé Perthes disease, which affects the hip joint in young small breed dogs  
- Eye problems such as tear staining, dry eye or cataracts in older dogs  
- Collapsing trachea, a condition where the windpipe weakens, leading to coughing or breathing difficulty  

Good breeding practices and regular veterinary care reduce the risk and impact of these conditions. It is important for new owners to choose breeders who are open about the health of their dogs and who follow recommended test protocols where available. While the specifics can vary by country, checks such as patella evaluations, eye examinations and general health assessments of breeding animals are common.

Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for the Maltese. Extra kilos put unnecessary strain on joints and the heart. Measuring food portions, limiting treats and keeping the dog active are simple but powerful steps. A high quality diet appropriate for age and size, along with access to fresh water at all times, supports overall wellbeing.

Routine preventive care should not be overlooked. This includes vaccinations according to local veterinary guidelines, parasite prevention and regular wellness checks. Because the Maltese often lives into advanced age, senior health care becomes important later in life. Annual or semiannual vet visits for blood tests, dental checks and mobility assessments help catch problems early, when they are usually easier to manage.

With attentive care, many Maltese enjoy a long, comfortable life from puppyhood to senior years. Owners who are prepared to invest time in grooming, dental care, weight management and veterinary visits usually find that their little companion remains active, bright and full of personality well into old age.

## History & Origins

The Maltese is one of the oldest known companion dog breeds, and its early history is wrapped in a mix of fact, trade routes and legend. What is fairly clear is that small, white lapdogs existed around the Mediterranean for many centuries. They were especially associated with ports and trading centers, where goods and ideas moved between cultures. The name suggests a connection with the island of Malta, but the term has sometimes been used more broadly in history to refer to parts of the Mediterranean region.

Ancient writings and artworks from civilizations such as the Greeks and Romans show small, refined dogs that closely resemble the Maltese. These dogs were often kept by noblewomen and wealthy families. They were prized for their beauty, gentle nature and ability to provide warmth and comfort. Some descriptions even mention them being carried in sleeves or cloaks, a sign of their cherished status in households where luxury and refinement were important.

Over time, these little dogs spread across Europe, often as gifts among the upper classes. They appear in paintings hanging in the homes of aristocrats, usually shown on cushions or in the laps of elegantly dressed ladies. Their role was very clear. They were companions, not workers. While other breeds were developed for herding, hunting or guarding, the Maltese was refined specifically to be a pleasant and attractive house dog.

As dog breeding became more formalized in the 19th and early 20th centuries, various small white companion dogs were classified into distinct breeds. The Maltese took its modern form through careful selection for size, coat and temperament. Breed clubs and kennel clubs helped define the standard and preserve the unique look of the dog. The long, white, silky coat became a signature feature, along with the gentle expression and friendly nature.

Throughout these changes, the essential purpose of the Maltese remained the same. This has never been a breed bred for field work or heavy tasks. Instead, the Maltese has always been valued for the close bond it forms with people, its lively charm and its role as a source of comfort and companionship. Today, the breed is found in homes all over the world. It is still seen in the show ring, where breeders demonstrate their work in maintaining type and quality. At the same time, countless Maltese live as beloved family pets in cities and rural areas alike.

In modern life, the Maltese fits well into many different situations. They are popular with older owners who appreciate a manageable size and gentle nature, as well as with families who want a small dog that enjoys being part of daily activities. From ancient Mediterranean ports to modern apartments, the Maltese has held onto its identity as a charming, people focused companion.

## Living with the Breed

Sharing your life with a Maltese is a rewarding experience, but it does come with responsibilities that prospective owners should understand in advance. This is not a breed that thrives when left alone for long days or treated as a decorative pet. A Maltese wants to be involved in your routines, whether that is sitting beside you while you work, joining you on walks, or cuddling during a quiet evening at home.

Time commitment is significant, particularly for grooming and companionship. Even if you decide on a shorter pet trim instead of a full show coat, the Maltese still needs regular brushing, bathing and coat maintenance. Plan on spending time each day checking the coat, wiping the eyes and ensuring there are no tangles. Weekly or fortnightly bathing, nail trimming, ear cleaning and tooth brushing all take dedication. Many owners also schedule regular professional grooming sessions every four to eight weeks, depending on coat length and lifestyle.

Financially, a Maltese is not usually the most expensive breed to feed, due to its small size, but there are ongoing costs to consider. Annual expenses can include:

- Quality food formulated for small dogs  
- Routine veterinary care, vaccinations and parasite prevention  
- Possible dental cleanings under anesthesia  
- Grooming tools and professional grooming fees  
- Pet insurance, which many owners choose for peace of mind  

While exact amounts vary by country, it is wise to budget not only for everyday care, but also for unexpected vet visits. Small dogs can be injured relatively easily, and insurance or a reserved fund can make difficult decisions less stressful.

In terms of daily living, the Maltese is usually well suited to apartment life or homes without large gardens, as long as it receives regular walks and play. Because they are light and portable, they travel fairly easily, whether by car or public transport. Many owners appreciate being able to take their Maltese on holidays or day trips. Secure harnesses, comfortable travel bags and soft blankets help create a safe space when on the move.

At home, it is helpful to adapt the environment for a small dog. For example, using dog steps or ramps to allow access to sofas or beds can prevent jumping injuries. Baby gates can restrict access to stairs or rooms where the dog might be at risk. Small breed dogs can also feel the cold more, so a cozy bed, soft blankets and perhaps a warm coat for winter walks are sensible investments.

Mentally, the Maltese needs as much attention as physically. These dogs are often happiest when they have some form of “job”, even if that is simply performing tricks, taking part in training classes or being your shadow during daily tasks. Interactive toys, puzzle feeders and gentle play sessions all help keep boredom at bay. Too little stimulation can lead to barking, clinginess or destructive habits.

New owners should be prepared to set boundaries kindly but firmly from the beginning. It can be tempting to allow a cute Maltese puppy to get away with behavior that would not be tolerated in a larger dog, such as constant barking, jumping up or guarding a lap. Early training and clear routines help prevent these habits from forming. Remember that small does not mean less of a dog. A Maltese will be happier and more relaxed when it understands what is expected and feels secure in its place in the family.

For people who can offer time, affection, and consistent care, living with a Maltese is often deeply satisfying. Their loyalty, playful spirit and desire to be close create a strong bond. Many owners say that once they have had a Maltese, they cannot imagine life without the gentle presence of this small but spirited companion at their side.

Maltese

Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)

The Maltese is a small, sturdy companion dog with a long, white silky coat and expressive dark eyes. Affectionate and people oriented, it adapts well to apartments with daily walks. It needs regular grooming, dental care and gentle training, and often enjoys a long, active life.

Cairn Terrier vs Maltese

Characteristics

Summary

Similar breeds