West Highland White Terrier

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Compact, sturdy little terrier originally bred in Scotland to hunt foxes, rats and other small game
• Distinctive harsh white coat that stays bright with regular grooming and does not shed as heavily as many other breeds
• Confident, alert and often quite vocal, the West Highland White Terrier is small in size but big in attitude
• Generally friendly and affectionate with family, yet still independent and sometimes stubborn when training
• Adaptable to city apartments or country homes as long as it gets daily walks, mental stimulation and human company

Appearance & Coat

The West Highland White Terrier, often simply called the Westie, is a small but robust dog with a surprisingly solid feel when you pick one up. Most adults stand around 25 to 28 centimetres at the shoulder, with a weight that usually falls between 7 and 10 kilograms. They have a compact, balanced build. The body is slightly longer than the height at the shoulder, which gives them enough length to move freely and work underground, yet they never look stretched or fragile. A well proportioned Westie looks athletic rather than dainty, and when it trots along the street it should carry itself with confidence and a bit of pride.

The head is one of the most recognisable features of the breed. It has a slightly domed skull, a defined stop and a relatively short, strong muzzle. The eyes are dark, medium sized and set wide apart, giving that alert and intelligent expression that Westie lovers know so well. Small, pointed ears stand erect and add to the lively, foxlike look. The tail is another trademark. It is relatively short, carried upright like a little carrot, and should be strong enough that traditional working Westies could be carefully pulled out of a burrow by it if needed.

The coat is double layered and is central to both the appearance and the care of the West Highland White Terrier. The outer coat is straight, harsh and about five centimetres long, designed to protect the dog from brambles, rough ground and bad weather. Beneath that lies a soft, dense undercoat that provides insulation. The only accepted colour is white, which historically helped hunters distinguish the dog from prey animals. While all Westies are white, the shade and texture of the coat can vary slightly between lines, from a brilliant clean white to a softer cream tone around the ears and muzzle.

From a practical point of view, the coat does not behave like the fur of many shedding breeds. Westies tend to lose less hair around the house, but the dead coat needs to be removed manually. Traditionally, this is done through hand stripping, where the harsh outer hairs are plucked by hand or with a stripping knife in small amounts. Hand stripping keeps the coat crisp, helps preserve the bright colour and reduces the risk of skin irritation. Many pet owners, however, choose clipping because it is quicker and more widely available at grooming salons. Clipping softens the coat over time and may make it less weather resistant, but it is perfectly acceptable for non show dogs as long as the skin remains healthy.

Grooming needs are fairly regular. A Westie benefits from a thorough brush several times a week, particularly around the legs, armpits and behind the ears where tangles form most easily. Bathing should be done as needed, not excessively, because frequent shampoos can dry out the skin and encourage irritation. Using a gentle dog specific shampoo and rinsing thoroughly helps to keep that famous whiteness without stressing the coat. Owners often keep the hair around the eyes trimmed and clean to avoid staining and discomfort.

Regular attention to nails, teeth and ears is also essential. The nails of a small terrier do not always wear down naturally, especially in city environments, so trimming every few weeks is usually required. Ear hair and wax should be checked and cleaned gently, and a daily or at least several times weekly tooth brushing routine will contribute to overall health. With this steady care, the West Highland White Terrier keeps its bright, cheerful appearance and feels comfortable in its own skin.

Temperament & Personality

Living with a West Highland White Terrier can feel like sharing your home with a small, opinionated comedian. This breed combines terrier bravery and independence with an affectionate, cheerful nature that many families find irresistible. A well socialised Westie is curious about the world, ready for adventure, yet also happy to curl up close when the day is done.

In the home, Westies are usually very people oriented. They enjoy being near their human family and often follow their favourite person from room to room. Unlike some velcro breeds, they tend to keep a bit of independence. Many Westies appreciate a quiet nap in a sunbeam or a watchful position on the back of a sofa where they can supervise the world outside. This mix of attachment and independence can make them good companions for people who want a dog that loves them dearly but does not constantly demand cuddles.

With children, a well bred and properly socialised Westie can be a playful and loyal friend. Their sturdy build and confident attitude mean they are often more tolerant of the chaos of family life than some more delicate toy breeds. That said, they are still relatively small dogs, and not every Westie enjoys very rough handling. Teaching children to respect the dog, avoid pulling ears or tail, and give the dog a safe retreat spot, such as a crate or bed, will help prevent misunderstandings. Many Westies enjoy interactive games with older children, such as fetch in the garden or hide and seek with toys, which also gives the dog valuable mental exercise.

With other dogs, the personality of the individual Westie matters a great deal. Some are outgoing and sociable, happy to interact politely at the park and even share a home with another dog. Others can be more defensive or feisty, particularly with dogs that challenge them. The terrier spirit means that they are rarely shy. If another dog provokes them, a Westie is unlikely to back down easily. Early socialisation, including calm exposure to many different dogs and controlled puppy classes, goes a long way toward creating a polite adult. In multi dog households, clear rules set by the human family and careful introductions help to avoid rivalries.

Small pets such as rodents, rabbits or some birds can trigger the strong prey drive that was carefully bred into the West Highland White Terrier for hunting work. While some Westies may learn to ignore a family cat, others may consider any quick moving small creature as something to chase. As a general rule, if you keep small furries, it is safest to assume that they should be securely housed and not left alone with a Westie, no matter how sweet the dog appears. The instinct to hunt is deep and may override obedience in an exciting moment.

One of the most commonly mentioned personality traits of the West Highland White Terrier is its vocal nature. Many Westies are quick to bark at anything that seems unusual, whether it is a stranger at the door, a bird on the balcony or even a leaf blowing across the garden. This makes them effective little watchdogs, but the tendency can become troublesome in flats or close neighbourhoods. Conscious training from a young age on when to bark and when to be quiet, combined with enough physical and mental activity, will help keep noise levels reasonable.

Like many intelligent small breeds, Westies can also show a stubborn streak. They know what they want and sometimes pretend not to hear if something does not interest them. This trait does not mean they are untrainable, rather that they respond best to patient, consistent guidance and meaningful rewards. When a Westie understands what is expected and why cooperation is worthwhile, the result is a lively, humorous companion with a big personality packed into a manageable size.

Training & Exercise

Although the West Highland White Terrier is not a marathon runner, it is definitely not a lap ornament that can be content with a five minute stroll. This breed has the energy and curiosity of a working terrier, which means that daily exercise and mental activity are essential for a balanced, well behaved dog. One of the charms of the Westie is its flexibility. A healthy adult can adapt to many lifestyles, from an active retired couple who enjoy walking and gardening, to a younger family with a busy schedule, as long as the dog gets regular opportunities to move, sniff and think.

In practical terms, most Westies thrive on at least one decent walk a day, ideally in the range of 30 to 60 minutes, combined with shorter outings to the garden or street. These walks do not have to be intense runs. What matters is variety and interaction. Terriers love to explore, so allowing time for sniffing along hedges, investigating interesting smells and stopping for little training games on the pavement is very satisfying for them. For energetic individuals, an additional play session or a second shorter walk is very helpful.

Off lead exercise in safe, enclosed spaces is highly recommended, but recall can be challenging for some West Highland White Terriers. Their hunting background means that many will chase wildlife, joggers or bicycles if given the chance. Training a reliable recall takes time and consistency, ideally starting as a young puppy with high value rewards whenever the dog runs back to you. Long training lines and fenced fields can help you practise safely. Some owners find that, despite good training, their Westie is simply safer on a long line in areas with many distractions, and that is perfectly acceptable if it keeps the dog safe.

Training methods that respect the independent nature of the Westie work best. Harsh corrections or shouting tend to make terriers either defensive or less willing to cooperate. Positive reinforcement, using food treats, toys or access to favourite activities, motivates them to participate. Short, varied training sessions of five to ten minutes spaced through the day suit their attention span better than long, repetitive drills. A Westie who learns that sit, stay and come always lead to something pleasant will begin to offer good behaviour more and more often.

Because Westies are clever, they also benefit from activities that challenge their mind. Many do well in obedience classes, rally, trick training or even dog dancing. Their agility and enthusiasm also make them good candidates for low impact agility, provided their joints are healthy and jumps are appropriate to their size. Nose work, such as scent detection games at home, can be particularly rewarding. You can hide small treats around a room and encourage your Westie to find them using its nose, which taps into the dog’s natural hunting instincts in a positive and controlled way.

Common training challenges include barking, stubborn recall and sometimes possessiveness over toys or food. These issues respond well to early management. Teaching a quiet cue, rewarding calm behaviour when visitors arrive, and showing the dog that people approaching its bowl or toy means more good things appear, rather than loss, will all build good manners. Puppy classes that use kind methods are very useful for building confidence and social skills. Even if you adopt an adult Westie, it is never too late to enrol in basic training. Mature dogs are often very eager students when given clear communication and rewards.

Overall, the West Highland White Terrier enjoys having a job to do, even if that job is simply walking with you, entertaining guests or learning a new trick. When its needs for movement and mental engagement are met, it is far more likely to relax at home and avoid boredom related behaviour such as digging, chewing or barking at every sound. With thoughtful training and exercise, the lively terrier energy is channelled into fun and companionship rather than frustration.

Health

The West Highland White Terrier is generally a sturdy and long lived breed, with many individuals happily reaching 12 to 15 years or even more. As with all purebred dogs, however, there are certain health issues that appear more often in this breed than in the general dog population. Responsible breeding, routine veterinary care and well informed owners all play a role in maintaining the health of Westies.

One of the better known concerns in the breed is skin disease. Westies can be prone to a range of dermatological problems, including allergies and conditions that lead to itching, redness and secondary infections. You might hear about atopic dermatitis, which is a chronic allergy related skin disorder. Affected dogs may lick their paws excessively, scratch their ears, rub their face and develop recurrent hot spots or ear infections. Food sensitivities and environmental allergens, such as dust mites or pollens, can both play a role. While these conditions cannot always be cured, they can often be managed through diet, medicated shampoos, medication when needed and careful control of the environment. Choosing a line with as little history of chronic skin problems as possible is important when looking for a puppy.

Orthopaedic issues also deserve attention. Patellar luxation, where the kneecap slips out of its groove, occurs in some small breeds, including the West Highland White Terrier. Mild cases may cause only occasional skipping steps, while more severe cases can require surgery. Hip problems are less common than in large breeds but still appear. Reputable breeders usually screen their breeding dogs for patellar stability and hip quality. This helps reduce the risk in future generations.

Another condition sometimes mentioned in connection with Westies is a specific kind of lung disease called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, more likely in older dogs. Symptoms may include coughing, reduced exercise tolerance and fast breathing. There is no simple cure, but early diagnosis and supportive care can improve quality of life. White breeds, including Westies, can also develop certain eye conditions, such as cataracts, especially later in life. Regular eye examinations by a veterinarian and, in breeding dogs, by veterinary ophthalmologists are recommended.

Some West Highland White Terriers may present with a condition called craniomandibular osteopathy when they are young. This is an abnormal bony growth affecting the jaw, usually between 3 and 8 months of age. The dog may show signs of pain when eating, drooling or reluctance to open its mouth. The condition often stabilises and may even regress as the dog matures, but veterinary diagnosis and pain management are essential. Affected dogs should not be bred.

In terms of routine health care, Westies benefit from the same basic veterinary schedule as other breeds. Regular vaccinations, parasite control for fleas, ticks and worms, and dental care are non negotiable. Because small breeds often develop dental tartar quickly, yearly dental checks and, if needed, professional cleanings under anaesthetic can prevent pain and tooth loss. Daily or at least regular tooth brushing at home is an excellent habit that significantly reduces dental disease.

When searching for a puppy, ask breeders which health tests they perform on their breeding animals. Depending on your country, recommended checks may include patella evaluation, hip scoring, eye examinations and sometimes specific DNA tests if available. A conscientious breeder will be open to discussing the health history of their dogs, including both strengths and any past issues they are working to avoid.

Nutrition and weight control are also central to Westie health. These little dogs love their food and are usually very skilled at convincing family members to hand out extra treats. Excess weight puts additional strain on joints, increases the risk of diabetes and aggravates respiratory and heart problems. Keeping a West Highland White Terrier at a lean, fit body condition, where the ribs are easily felt under a thin layer of fat and the waist is visible from above, is one of the most important gifts you can offer your dog.

With attentive ownership, appropriate health testing in the breed and regular veterinary care, the average Westie can enjoy many years of active, happy life. Recognising the main health risks of the breed allows you to watch for early signs, seek timely treatment and maintain the best possible quality of life.

History & Origins

The history of the West Highland White Terrier is closely woven into the rugged landscape of Scotland. Long before the breed took on its modern name and appearance, small, sturdy terriers worked alongside farmers and hunters across the Scottish Highlands. These dogs were valued for their courage in going underground after foxes and badgers, their ability to control rats around farms, and their toughness in harsh weather and rough terrain.

In those early days, terriers in Scotland came in a variety of colours and coat types. They were often known by regional names rather than as formal breeds in the modern sense. The ancestors of the West Highland White Terrier are believed to be closely related to other Scottish terriers such as the Cairn Terrier and the Scottish Terrier. Litters might contain puppies of several different colours, from dark brindle to wheaten and cream. White puppies were sometimes considered less desirable for work, as they might be more visible to predators, and some were even culled.

Several stories describe how the shift toward breeding only white terriers began. One well known tale involves Colonel Edward Donald Malcolm of Poltalloch in Argyllshire. According to tradition, he accidentally shot and killed one of his own reddish brown terriers while hunting, mistaking the dog for game. Deeply upset, he resolved to breed only white dogs so that hunters could easily distinguish the terrier from prey animals. Whether this story is fully accurate or partly embellished, it reflects the practical reason why white colouring became so valuable. A white dog stood out clearly against the dark heather and rocky ground of the Highlands.

Throughout the 19th century, Scottish breeders selectively mated the toughest, gameest and most capable working terriers, favouring those with a strong hunting instinct, weather resistant coats and a hardy constitution. Gradually, a consistent type of small, white, harsh coated terrier emerged. Different families and estates developed their own lines. The Poltalloch Terriers and Roseneath Terriers are two names often linked to this period. Over time, these dogs were brought together under the name West Highland White Terrier, which acknowledges their roots in the western Highlands of Scotland.

The breed began to appear at dog shows toward the end of the 19th century, and formal recognition followed in the early 20th century. Kennel clubs established breed standards that described the ideal appearance and temperament. While some purists worried that show breeding might soften the hard working terrier, many breeders worked to preserve both function and form. The bright, alert expression, strong jaw and sturdy build continued to reflect the dog’s original purpose.

As the West Highland White Terrier spread beyond Scotland, it quickly attracted admirers in other parts of Britain, Europe and North America. Its combination of striking white coat, compact size and lively personality made it a popular companion as well as a working farm dog. In the twentieth century, the Westie became a familiar figure in advertisements and popular culture. This visibility brought increased popularity, which in turn led to more formal clubs dedicated to protecting and promoting the breed.

Today, most West Highland White Terriers are family companions rather than working hunters, although some still enjoy roles in vermin control or informal farm work. The drive to chase and investigate remains very evident when you watch a Westie on a woodland walk, nose to the ground and tail held high. The breed also participates successfully in various dog sports, where its agility, intelligence and determination shine.

Modern breed clubs and enthusiasts remain deeply committed to preserving the Westie’s essential character. They aim to balance the cheerful home companion with the brave little worker that shaped the breed’s history. When you share your life with a West Highland White Terrier, you are living with a small part of Scottish heritage, filtered through generations of careful breeding and partnership with people.

Living with the Breed

Welcoming a West Highland White Terrier into your home brings a lot of joy, but it also involves a real commitment of time, energy and resources. Understanding what daily life with a Westie looks like helps you decide whether this breed is a good match for your household and lifestyle.

First and foremost, Westies thrive on human company. They do not do well if left alone for long stretches day after day. A full working day of solitude, especially without preparation and enrichment, can lead to frustration, barking, digging or destructive chewing. If you work long hours away from home, consider whether a dog walker, doggy day care or help from friends and family is available. Many Westies can learn to be content for a few hours alone, particularly if introduced gradually and given engaging toys such as food puzzles or safe chew items, but they should not be treated as decorative pets that can simply be parked in a corner.

In terms of space, the West Highland White Terrier is quite adaptable. A well managed Westie can live happily in a flat, provided it receives sufficient exercise and mental stimulation. However, their tendency to bark must be taken seriously in close living situations. Early training to respond to a quiet cue, along with environmental management such as closing curtains to reduce visual triggers, is very important. A house with a secure garden or yard offers extra freedom for short play sessions and toilet breaks, but the dog still needs proper walks outside the property.

Financially, owning a Westie involves more than just food and basic accessories. Routine veterinary care, vaccinations, parasite prevention and annual health checks are ongoing costs. Many Westies need regular professional grooming to keep their coat and skin in good condition. In most areas, that means a grooming session every 6 to 10 weeks, which should be included in your yearly budget. Pet insurance or a dedicated savings fund for unexpected veterinary treatment is strongly recommended, since issues such as skin disease or dental work can quickly become expensive.

To set up your home, a few key pieces of equipment will make life easier. A comfortable, washable bed in a quiet area gives your Westie a safe space to rest. Many owners also use a crate as a den and management tool, especially during puppyhood. The crate should never be used as punishment, rather as a peaceful retreat and secure place when the dog cannot be supervised. A secure harness and sturdy lead are important for walks, particularly while recall is still being trained. Because of the Westie’s strong neck and determination, many people prefer a harness to protect the throat.

Toys and enrichment are central to a happy West Highland White Terrier. Variety matters. Chew toys, soft toys for shaking, puzzle feeders and simple homemade games all help to satisfy natural instincts and prevent boredom. Rotating toys, instead of leaving all of them out at once, keeps the dog interested. Many Westies also enjoy digging, so providing a designated digging box in the garden or using sand or soil in a private area can channel that behaviour appropriately.

New owners should be prepared to invest time in training and socialisation, particularly in the first year. This includes exposing the puppy or newly adopted dog to a range of people, dogs, sounds and environments in a controlled, positive way. A Westie that has learned from an early age that the world is safe and interesting is far less likely to react fearfully or aggressively later in life. Consistent routines, clear rules and gentle guidance build a stable, trusting relationship.

Grooming and health care routines also form part of everyday life. Brushing, checking ears and paws, and a quick full body check help you notice small issues before they become serious. Westies with sensitive skin, in particular, benefit from owners who pay attention to any new redness, itching or odour and seek advice early. Regular tooth brushing will become easier if started early and paired with praise and rewards.

Emotionally, living with a West Highland White Terrier is often described as sharing your space with a small, lively character who has opinions about many things. They add humour and companionship to daily routines, from supervising your morning coffee to enthusiastically greeting you at the door every evening. At the same time, they need structure, training and thoughtful care to prevent their natural confidence from turning into bossiness or nuisance behaviour.

If you are ready to provide daily interaction, moderate exercise, ongoing training and grooming, as well as financial readiness for health care, a West Highland White Terrier can be a deeply rewarding companion. This breed suits people who appreciate character, enjoy a bit of terrier spice in their lives and are willing to invest real effort in return for years of loyal, spirited friendship.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the typical temperament of a West Highland White Terrier?

They are generally confident, lively, and friendly, with a strong terrier spirit. Many are affectionate with their families but can be independent and determined, which sometimes comes across as stubborn. They often get along well with people and older children, provided they are properly socialized.

Are West Highland White Terriers good family dogs for homes with children?

They can be very good family companions, especially with respectful, dog‑savvy children. Because they are small but sturdy and can be assertive, they are usually better suited to families who teach children how to handle dogs gently. Supervision is important to prevent rough play or resource guarding.

How much exercise does a West Highland White Terrier need each day?

Despite their small size, they are energetic and usually need at least 45 to 60 minutes of daily activity. This should include brisk walks and opportunities to sniff, explore, and play. Without enough mental and physical exercise, they can become noisy, restless, or destructive.

What grooming is required for a West Highland White Terrier’s white coat?

Their double coat benefits from brushing several times a week to prevent matting and reduce shedding. Many owners choose regular professional grooming with hand‑stripping or clipping to keep the coat tidy and the outline correct. Extra care is often needed to manage tear staining and keep the coat clean and bright.

Are West Highland White Terriers prone to skin problems and allergies?

This breed is known for a higher risk of skin issues, including allergies and itchy, inflamed skin. Food sensitivities, environmental allergens, and yeast infections can all play a role. Early veterinary attention, careful diet management, and consistent skin care often make a significant difference.

Do West Highland White Terriers get along with other pets, especially cats and small animals?

They were originally bred to hunt small prey, so many retain a strong chase instinct. Some individuals live peacefully with cats they are raised with, but they may still pursue unfamiliar cats or small furry pets. Secure supervision and gradual introductions are essential, and they are usually not a good match for households with free‑ranging small animals.

Can a West Highland White Terrier live happily in an apartment?

They can adapt well to apartment living if their exercise and mental stimulation needs are consistently met. Their tendency to bark at noises or passersby can be a challenge in close quarters, so early training to manage vocal behavior is helpful. Regular outdoor time for walking and exploring is important for their well‑being.

Are West Highland White Terriers easy to train or are they stubborn?

They are intelligent and learn quickly, but their independent terrier nature can make them selectively obedient. Short, positive training sessions with clear boundaries usually work better than harsh methods. Consistency from the whole household is key to preventing pushy or demanding behavior.

What health problems are most common in West Highland White Terriers?

In addition to skin disease and allergies, they can be prone to conditions such as patellar luxation, dental problems, and certain lung and liver issues. A condition called craniomandibular osteopathy can affect some young dogs. Regular veterinary checkups and choosing a breeder who screens for known issues are important preventive steps.

How much barking is typical for a West Highland White Terrier?

They are naturally alert and vocal, and many will bark readily at sounds, visitors, or activity outside the home. With early training and enough physical and mental activity, barking can be managed but rarely eliminated. They may not be ideal for very noise‑sensitive environments if their barking is not carefully addressed.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• West Highland White Terrier Club of England
• VCA Animal Hospitals
• Die Terrierhunde (Germany)
• Svenska Terrierklubben (Sweden)