Schipperke

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Small in size but big in character, the Schipperke is an alert, lively companion with a strong watchdog instinct.
• Originating on Belgian barges, this “little captain” was bred to guard boats, workshops, and homes.
• The Schipperke’s thick, black double coat forms a striking ruff around the neck, giving it a foxlike, almost wolfish outline.
• Highly intelligent, independent, and curious, this breed needs mental challenges as much as physical exercise.
• Loyal to its family and often suspicious of strangers, the Schipperke is a natural alarm system that rarely misses anything.

Appearance & Coat

The Schipperke is a small, compact dog, but it has a surprisingly robust and solid build. Adult males usually stand around 30 to 33 centimeters at the shoulder, and females slightly less, with a weight that often falls between 4 and 7 kilograms. Although many people first notice how small they are, the second impression is usually how sturdy and self assured they look. The Schipperke is square in outline, which means its body length is roughly equal to its height at the shoulder, giving it a balanced and agile look.

One of the breed’s defining features is the head. Seen from the side, the skull is slightly rounded with a tapering muzzle and a clear stop. The expression is bright and alert, often described as foxlike. The dark, almond shaped eyes give a sharp, curious gaze that never seems to miss anything going on around them. Ears are small, pointed, and set high, carried upright like little triangles and always tuned in to sounds. The body is compact, with a straight topline, well sprung ribs, and strong, straight legs. The Schipperke is built to move easily and tirelessly, and when you see one trotting with its quick, light steps, the body design makes perfect sense.

The coat is another hallmark of the Schipperke. It is a harsh, straight double coat, with a dense undercoat and a more protective outer coat. The hair is shorter on the face, ears, and front of the legs, and longer on the neck, shoulders, and rear quarters. This longer hair forms a distinct ruff around the neck and a mane along the shoulders, which flows into profuse feathering on the thighs and a sort of culotte effect on the rear legs. The contrast between the shorter body coat and the full ruff and culottes gives the Schipperke its very special outline.

Traditional and most common color is solid black. The coat should be an even, deep black without lighter patches. In some countries, very dark shades or slight variations can occur, but the classic image of the Schipperke is a small, black shadow racing around the house or garden.

Coat care is more straightforward than the dramatic outline suggests. The Schipperke does not require trimming. Regular brushing is usually enough to keep the coat in good condition. A thorough brushing once or twice a week with a slicker brush and a metal comb will remove dead hair, reduce shedding in the house, and keep the coat shiny. During seasonal shedding, often once or twice a year, your Schipperke can “blow” the undercoat and you will suddenly find a lot more hair. At these times, daily brushing and the use of an undercoat rake can help move the old coat out more quickly and prevent mats from forming behind the ears, in the ruff, and in the culottes.

Because the coat is naturally protective and somewhat self cleaning, frequent bathing is not necessary. Too many baths can dry out the skin and affect the coat texture. Every few months or when the dog gets particularly dirty is usually enough. Regularly check and clean the ears, trim the nails, and keep an eye on the teeth. This basic grooming routine will keep a Schipperke looking sharp, comfortable, and healthy without a lot of complicated products or tools.

Temperament & Personality

Living with a Schipperke means sharing your home with a small body that houses a very large personality. This breed is energetic, curious, bright, and often quite independent. Many owners compare Schipperkes to having a cross between a cat and a watchdog at home. They love to explore every corner of their environment, they notice any change, and they are rarely far away from the action.

A well socialized Schipperke is typically affectionate with its family and may be particularly attached to one person, although it usually forms close bonds with all household members. They are often happiest when included in daily activities, whether that is helping you in the garden, following you from room to room, or keeping an eye on you while you work at your desk. Despite their size, they are not lap dogs in the classic sense. Some love cuddles and will happily curl up on the sofa, while others prefer to be near you rather than on you. Respecting each dog’s individual preferences is important and helps build trust.

With children, the Schipperke can be a fun and loyal companion. Their playful nature and high energy match well with older children who understand how to handle small dogs gently. However, because Schipperkes are small and quite sturdy, they may be less tolerant of rough handling from very young children. Supervised interaction, teaching children to respect the dog’s space, and giving the dog a safe retreat such as a crate or a bed in a quiet room are important. When raised with kind, dog aware children, many Schipperkes enjoy taking part in games, basic training, and little tricks that turn everyday life into shared fun.

The breed’s strong guarding instinct is something prospective owners should take seriously. Schipperkes were bred to be watchdogs for barges and workshops, and that heritage is still very alive. They tend to be wary or reserved with strangers and will not always welcome visitors right away. Early and constant socialization helps prevent overly suspicious or nervous behavior. Controlled introductions to new people, lots of positive experiences in different places, and calm handling will teach your Schipperke that new things are not necessarily a threat.

With other dogs, the Schipperke can be confident, sometimes surprisingly bold, and occasionally a little bossy. Their small size does not limit their self belief. When properly socialized from puppyhood, many live happily with other dogs and can enjoy dog parks or group walks, although owners should always monitor interactions, especially with much larger breeds. Their strong prey drive towards small animals such as rodents is part of their original role as ratters. Some Schipperkes can live peacefully with cats they have grown up with, but caution is advised when introducing them to new small pets such as rabbits or hamsters.

One common challenge is barking. The same qualities that made the Schipperke an excellent alert dog can lead to frequent barking at sounds, visitors, or even birds outside the window. With thoughtful training and enough mental and physical exercise, barking can be managed, but anyone considering this breed should be prepared to invest time in teaching quiet cues and providing alternative ways for the dog to channel its energy.

In daily life, a Schipperke thrives in a home where people appreciate a smart, opinionated dog that wants to be involved in everything. If you enjoy a dog with character, who will make you laugh, challenge you sometimes, and prove very loyal, the Schipperke can be a deeply rewarding companion.

Training & Exercise

Although small, the Schipperke is not a low energy lap dog. It is an active, alert, and clever breed that needs a good balance of physical exercise and mental stimulation. If you picture their historical role, trotting along canal towpaths, jumping on and off barges, and chasing away vermin, it becomes clear that a quick walk around the block will not be enough for most adult Schipperkes.

On average, an adult Schipperke benefits from around one to one and a half hours of exercise per day, broken into two or three sessions. This does not always need to be intense. A mix of brisk walks, some off leash play in a secure area, and short training or search games at home often works well. They usually enjoy:

• Fast paced walks or hikes suitable for their size
• Games of fetch or tug with clear rules
• Nose work games such as finding hidden treats around the garden or house
• Short, focused training sessions that challenge their brain

Training a Schipperke is both rewarding and occasionally challenging. They are intelligent and learn quickly, but they are also independent thinkers. Traditional, harsh training methods are not suitable and tend to damage trust. Positive reinforcement, using rewards such as treats, toys, or praise, works far better. Keep sessions short, varied, and upbeat. Three to five minutes of focused practice several times a day is often more effective than one long session.

Because this breed is very observant, they can easily pick up habits you did not intend to teach. For example, if your Schipperke barks at you for attention and you sometimes respond by talking or petting them, they quickly learn that barking works. Consistency in rules and responses is crucial. Decide in advance what behaviors are acceptable and make sure all family members follow the same approach.

Early training should focus on:

• Reliable recall, as their curiosity and prey drive can lead them to chase interesting smells or moving objects
• Loose leash walking, so that their energy does not turn walks into a pulling contest
• Calm behavior at the door and when visitors arrive, to manage their natural watchdog instincts
• Teaching a solid “quiet” cue and rewarding moments of calm in noisy situations

Schipperkes often shine in dog sports. Their agility, quick minds, and enthusiasm make them good candidates for agility courses, obedience, rally, trick training, and especially scent work. Participating in such activities is not only fun, it also provides structure and an outlet for their mental energy. Even at a beginner or hobby level, a weekly class can make a big difference in your dog’s behavior at home.

For puppies, exercise must be adjusted to protect growing joints. Several short, gentle play and training sessions, combined with short walks, are better than long outings. Avoid excessive jumping or running on hard surfaces during the growth phase. Use early months to socialize, build confidence, and teach good manners. A tired brain is often more effective and safer than a physically exhausted puppy.

Indoor mental enrichment is essential, especially for families who live in apartments or during bad weather. Puzzle feeders, stuffed Kongs, basic trick training, and “find it” games with small treats hidden in safe, accessible spots around a room can help tire your Schipperke without needing huge outdoor spaces. This breed adapts well to different living arrangements if its needs for training, activity, and companionship are met.

With the right approach, training a Schipperke becomes a strong bonding experience. They enjoy working with people they trust, and their quick intelligence means they often surprise owners with how much they understand. Consistency, patience, and creativity are the keys to turning that bright, intense little dog into a well mannered, fun family member.

Health

Overall, the Schipperke is considered a relatively robust and hardy breed. Many individuals live long and active lives, often well into their teens. However, like all purebred dogs, there are certain health issues that are more frequently seen in the breed. Responsible breeders and informed owners work together to reduce risks and to catch any problems early.

One condition associated with the Schipperke is MPS IIIB, a rare hereditary metabolic disease that affects the nervous system. Fortunately, there is a DNA test available, and responsible breeders test their dogs to ensure that two carriers are not bred together. Prospective owners should ask breeders about this test and expect clear documentation for both parents.

Other health concerns that may appear in the breed include:

• Patellar luxation, where the kneecap can slip out of place, causing lameness or an unusual gait
• Hip dysplasia, less common in such a small breed but still possible, affecting the stability of the hip joint
• Eye issues, which can vary and for which regular eye checks by a veterinary ophthalmologist are helpful
• Thyroid problems or hormonal imbalances in some individuals

Because not every dog will suffer from these conditions, health testing is essential to reduce risk for future generations. Recommended health checks for breeding dogs often include:

• DNA testing for known genetic diseases, particularly MPS IIIB
• Orthopedic evaluations, such as hip scoring and patella checks
• Eye examinations by a qualified veterinary specialist

Ask breeders what tests they have done and request to see the results. A responsible breeder will be happy to discuss health openly and explain the steps they take to protect the breed.

Routine veterinary care also plays a major role. Keeping vaccinations up to date, following a deworming schedule, using appropriate parasite prevention, and having yearly health check ups help catch problems early. As your Schipperke ages, more frequent checkups may be useful, especially if you notice changes in energy levels, weight, or behavior.

Weight management is particularly important. Although Schipperkes are active, their small size means that even a little extra weight can put stress on joints and organs. A balanced diet of high quality food, measured portions, and limited treats helps maintain an ideal body condition. You should be able to feel the ribs under a thin layer of flesh without seeing them prominently, and your dog should have a visible waist when viewed from above.

Dental care is another key part of health management. Small dogs can be prone to tartar buildup and gum disease. Regular tooth brushing with a dog safe toothpaste, dental chews, and professional cleaning if recommended by your vet will help prevent painful dental issues later in life.

The average lifespan of a Schipperke is often around 12 to 15 years, with many reaching the higher range when well cared for. As they age, you may notice some slowing down, a bit of stiffness after rest, or changes in hearing or vision. Gentle exercise, comfortable bedding, joint support supplements where advised by a vet, and adjustments to diet can all help older Schipperkes enjoy a good quality of life.

Awareness, early detection, and cooperation between owners, breeders, and veterinarians are the most effective tools to keep this lively little breed healthy and happy for as long as possible.

History & Origins

The Schipperke’s story begins in Belgium, where it developed as a small, fearless working dog. The name is often translated as “little captain,” a reference to its close association with boatmen along the Belgian canals. Another interpretation connects the name to “little shepherd,” reflecting its role as a vigilant guardian and herder around farms and workshops. Whatever the exact origin of the word, the image is clear. This was a dog that watched over people’s property and livelihood.

In the crowded world of early Belgian towns and river traffic, a compact, agile dog that could live on barges and in small courtyards was extremely useful. Schipperkes patrolled the decks of canal boats, alerted their owners to strangers, and kept vermin under control. Their quick reactions, sharp bark, and brave nature made them excellent watchdogs despite their small size. They also found work in workshops and stables, where their ratting skills protected valuable goods and stored food.

By the 17th and 18th centuries, small black dogs with pricked ears and thick coats were already common in the region. Over time, a more distinct type began to emerge, especially among working people and craftspeople. One famous tradition involved Brussels cobblers who were said to display their Schipperkes wearing decorative collars during Sunday gatherings, showing pride not only in their trade, but also in their alert little companions.

The breed gained wider recognition in the 19th century. The Schipperke started to appear at early dog shows and caught the attention of the Belgian royal family, particularly Queen Marie Henriette, who became a known admirer of the breed. Royal interest helped increase its popularity both in Belgium and abroad. Enthusiasts began to standardize the appearance of the Schipperke, emphasizing its black coat, foxlike head, and distinctive outline.

As industrialization changed transport methods and fewer goods traveled by canal boat, the Schipperke gradually shifted from a working barge and workshop dog to a companion and guard dog for homes. However, its character did not change much. It remained alert, active, and always ready to sound the alarm at anything suspicious. The breed spread to other European countries and later to North America, where it found new admirers among people who appreciated a small dog with a big spirit.

Today, the Schipperke is kept mainly as a companion, family dog, and show dog, but its heritage is still visible in how it behaves. Many Schipperkes still like to patrol the boundaries of the garden, watch from windows, and chase small trespassers such as mice or squirrels. They also excel in modern dog activities such as agility, obedience, and scent work, which echo the mental and physical tasks their ancestors performed around boats and workshops.

While its original daily jobs have changed, the core identity of the Schipperke as an active, sharp, and loyal little guardian remains. Understanding this history helps modern owners respect the breed’s instincts and provide a lifestyle that satisfies the curious, hardworking nature that made the Schipperke so valued in its homeland.

Living with the Breed

Welcoming a Schipperke into your home means inviting a lively, highly aware companion who wants to be part of everything. This is not a breed that is happy being left alone in a corner or ignored in the background. They thrive on interaction, stimulation, and a sense of purpose. If you like an independent, somewhat mischievous dog that also forms deep bonds, life with a Schipperke can be very rewarding.

In terms of living space, Schipperkes adapt well to both apartments and houses, as long as their exercise and mental needs are met. Their small size makes them convenient for city living, but their watchdog nature means you should consider how sound travels in your building. In a flat with thin walls, frequent barking could cause tension with neighbors if not managed. Teaching quiet cues, providing enough activity, and using visual barriers like curtains to reduce triggers can help.

Commitment level is fairly high for such a small breed. A typical day might include:

• Morning walk of 30 to 45 minutes with some on leash training
• Short training or puzzle game session during the day
• Evening outing, play session, or dog sport activity
• Regular human interaction and supervision

Schipperkes are not ideal for families who are out of the house all day with no one home, unless arrangements are made for dog walkers or day care a few times a week. They can cope with being alone for moderate periods if properly trained, but they are social and can become bored, vocal, or destructive if left unattended for too long on a regular basis.

Financially, costs are similar to many small to medium dogs. Initial expenses include the purchase price from a reputable breeder, early veterinary visits and vaccinations, microchipping, neutering or spaying if chosen, and essential equipment. Ongoing yearly costs usually cover:

• Quality food appropriate for age and activity level
• Routine veterinary care, vaccinations, and parasite prevention
• Insurance or a savings buffer for unexpected health issues
• Occasional grooming tools replacement and basic supplies
• Training classes or sport club fees if you choose to participate

Although grooming costs are low if you do it yourself, you should still budget for professional help if you prefer not to manage nail trimming or occasional baths at home.

Useful equipment for a Schipperke includes:

• A secure, well fitted harness and a comfortable collar with identification
• A sturdy lead, and possibly a long line for recall practice in open spaces
• A crate or enclosed bed that serves as the dog’s safe retreat
• Food puzzle toys and treat dispensing balls for mental stimulation
• Chew toys appropriate for their size to help keep teeth clean and to prevent boredom
• A baby gate if you need to limit access to staircases or certain rooms

Because Schipperkes are smart escape artists, a secure garden or yard is very important. Fencing should be high enough and without gaps under or between panels. Many Schipperkes love to patrol and may try to slip through even quite small spaces. Supervision outdoors is recommended, especially if you live near busy roads.

Family life with a Schipperke works best when everyone is involved. Consistent rules, shared responsibilities for walks and training, and routines that include the dog help prevent behavior problems. Take time to introduce your Schipperke properly to visitors, other pets, and new environments. A calm, structured approach reduces stress and helps the dog feel safe, which in turn keeps guarding instincts at a manageable level.

For people who enjoy training, activities, and a dog with a little spark and attitude, the Schipperke is a wonderful partner. They can be comedians, guardians, playmates, and shadows who follow you from room to room. If you are ready for the time, patience, and attention they require, living with a Schipperke often becomes not just a pet ownership experience, but a long, shared adventure with a loyal, spirited little friend.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

What kind of temperament does a Schipperke have around family and strangers?

This breed is typically lively, alert, and deeply attached to its family, often forming a particularly strong bond with one person. With strangers they tend to be reserved and watchful rather than openly friendly. Early socialization helps prevent excessive suspicion or barking while preserving their natural watchdog instinct.

How much exercise does a Schipperke really need despite its small size?

Although small, this is a high‑energy working dog that needs at least an hour of purposeful activity each day. Brisk walks combined with play, agility, or training sessions help keep them mentally and physically satisfied. Without enough stimulation they can become noisy, restless, or prone to destructive behavior.

Are Schipperkes good apartment dogs or do they need a yard?

They can live successfully in an apartment if they receive sufficient daily exercise and mental enrichment. Their compact size is suitable for smaller homes, but their high energy and tendency to bark can be challenging in close quarters. Consistent training and good sound management are important in shared buildings.

How difficult is it to train a Schipperke and are they stubborn?

They are intelligent, quick learners but also independent and can be strong‑willed. Short, varied training sessions that use rewards and clear rules work best. If training is inconsistent, they may decide to do things their own way, which can show up as selective listening or boundary testing.

What grooming does a Schipperke’s double coat require and how much do they shed?

The coat is harsh and dense with a thick undercoat that sheds moderately most of the year and heavily during seasonal “blow” periods. Weekly brushing usually suffices, increasing to daily during heavy sheds to control hair and prevent matting. They are generally low odor and do not require frequent baths unless dirty.

What health problems are Schipperkes prone to, and how long do they usually live?

They are generally robust, with a typical lifespan of 13 to 15 years. Important health concerns include luxating patellas, eye issues, and a genetic condition called mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB that responsible breeders screen for. Regular veterinary checks, weight control, and genetic testing in breeding lines help reduce risk.

What is mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS IIIB) in Schipperkes and should I be worried about it?

MPS IIIB is an inherited metabolic disorder that affects the nervous system and can lead to serious neurological signs later in life. A DNA test exists, so responsible breeders can identify carriers and avoid producing affected puppies. Prospective owners should ask breeders for proof of MPS IIIB testing in both parents.

Do Schipperkes bark a lot and can this be controlled?

They were developed as alert watchdogs and many have a strong tendency to bark at noises, movement, or unfamiliar people. Early training that teaches a “quiet” cue and careful management of triggers can significantly reduce nuisance barking. Adequate exercise and mental work also help prevent barking from boredom.

Are Schipperkes good with children and other pets?

With proper socialization, they can be affectionate and playful with respectful children, but their intensity may be too much for very young or rough kids. Many live peacefully with other dogs and even cats, though some have a high prey drive toward small animals. Slow introductions and supervision are important, especially at first.

What makes the Schipperke’s body shape and movement different from other small breeds?

They have a square, compact body, a distinctive ruff of longer hair around the neck, and a foxlike head that gives a sharp, alert expression. Traditionally, tails were docked in some regions, but natural tails are increasingly seen. Their gait is light and quick, which reflects their original role as agile barge and vermin dogs.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Société Centrale Canine (France)
• Dansk Kennel Klub (Denmark)
• VDH - Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen (Germany)