## Quick Facts

- Clever, energetic gundog that loves water and retrieves with enthusiasm
- Distinctive curly, liver‑colored coat with a smooth face and long “rat tail”
- Typically very people focused, often forming a deep bond with one main person
- Needs both daily exercise and brain work to stay relaxed indoors
- A rarer breed in many countries, so good breeders and training support are important


## Appearance & Coat

The Irish Water Spaniel is one of those dogs you recognize across a field. Medium to large in size and powerfully built, this is a strong, athletic spaniel designed to work all day in cold water and rough ground. Males are usually around 53 to 59 cm at the shoulder, with females slightly smaller. Weight often falls somewhere in the 20 to 30 kg range, depending on sex and build. They are sturdy and muscular, but should never look heavy or clumsy. A well conditioned dog has a deep chest, good bone, and a slightly square outline that gives quick, agile movement.

The head is quite distinctive. The muzzle is strong and broad without being coarse, and the face itself is smooth and short coated. On top sits a rounded “topknot” of tighter curls, which flows into long, low set ears covered in rich ringlets. Many people say the breed has a wise, slightly mischievous expression that matches their clownish nature.

The coat is one of the most striking features. The body is covered in dense, crisp curls that help keep the dog warm and protected in cold water. The hair on the throat and front of the neck is smoother, and the tail starts thick at the base with curls, then tapers into a smooth, hairless looking “rat tail” that is very typical for the breed. The only accepted color is a rich liver or dark chocolate brown, often with a subtle purplish tone in certain light.

Coat care is practical but does require commitment. The curls are meant to insulate and protect, not form mats. That means:

- Comb or brush through the coat once or twice a week, using a wide comb on the body and a slicker brush with care on tight curls.
- Check behind the ears, under the collar, in the armpits, and around the tail base where tangles form most easily.
- Rinse with fresh water after swimming to remove mud, salt, or chlorine, then let the coat dry naturally whenever possible.

Professional grooming every 6 to 10 weeks is a good idea to keep the outline tidy and the coat manageable. Many working homes choose a practical clip that keeps insulation but shortens feathering around the legs and belly. Regular trimming around the feet and between the pads helps with grip and reduces mud in the house. Nails should be kept short and ears checked often, since those long, curly ears can trap moisture if not dried thoroughly after swimming.

With consistent care, the Irish Water Spaniel’s curls stay beautiful, functional, and surprisingly low shedding, which many owners appreciate in daily life.


## Temperament & Personality

Living with an Irish Water Spaniel is a bit like living with a clever outdoor athlete who also has a strong sense of humor. These dogs are intelligent, sensitive, and observant. They quickly learn household routines and often seem to anticipate what will happen next. Many owners describe them as “thinking dogs” that watch their surroundings and respond more thoughtfully than some other lively gundog breeds.

The breed is generally affectionate with its family and often chooses a favorite person, while still bonding with everyone in the household. Around strangers, some individuals can be reserved at first. They are not typically fearful, but they will often take a moment to assess new people before relaxing. Early, positive socialization makes a big difference in helping a young dog grow into a confident adult.

With children, the Irish Water Spaniel can be a lovely companion as long as both dog and children understand boundaries. They tend to enjoy active, respectful kids who like to play fetch, explore outdoors, or practice tricks. Very young children should always be supervised, because this is a strong, sometimes boisterous dog that can accidentally knock a toddler over when excited.

Around other dogs, social skills vary by line and upbringing. Many are friendly and playful, especially if well socialized during puppyhood. Some, particularly entire males, can be a bit pushy or selective about dog friends. They usually do best with calm, neutral introductions and clear guidance from their owner. With cats and smaller pets, a lot depends on early exposure. Some individuals live peacefully with cats, while others may be tempted to chase.

One thing almost all Irish Water Spaniels share is an active mind. Without enough mental and physical outlets, they can become bored and inventive in ways that owners do not love, such as:

- Chewing household items
- Barking at small sounds
- Digging in the garden
- Inventing “games” such as stealing shoes to gain attention

They respond well to a calm, consistent household routine and clear expectations. Harsh handling or shouting does not suit this breed, and can lead to stress or shutdown. Confident, patient leadership paired with kindness brings out the best in them, turning their lively nature into partnership rather than conflict.


## Training & Exercise

The Irish Water Spaniel is a working gundog at heart, bred to search for and retrieve game from both land and water. This background shows clearly in their training and exercise needs. They are not a couch dog that will be satisfied with a short walk around the block. Daily activity that combines physical exercise with mental challenge is essential.

Most young adults need at least 1.5 to 2 hours of varied activity spread throughout the day. This does not mean constant jogging. Instead, focus on a mix:

- Brisk walks where the dog can move at a natural pace
- Off leash running in safe areas, where local rules allow, to stretch out and sniff
- Water work such as swimming or retrieving from lakes and rivers during the warmer months
- Short training sessions several times a day, often 5 to 10 minutes each

This breed is usually quick to learn, but also strong willed. They do best with positive reinforcement, using food, toys, or access to water as rewards. Training games that tap into their natural talents can be especially effective, for example:

- Retrieving dummies or toys from different directions and distances
- Simple scent work, hiding items in the garden and encouraging them to search
- Obedience sequences that involve sits, downs, recalls, and heelwork between fun retrieves

They have a sense of humor and sometimes like to test where the boundaries are. Consistency is key. If a behavior is not allowed, it should never be rewarded with attention or laughter, even if it looks amusing in the moment. Once an Irish Water Spaniel learns that a particular cheeky action works, it can be hard to remove.

<x-quote text="What surprised me most was how much calmer my Irish Water Spaniel became once we added a fixed routine: morning walk, midday brain games, evening swim or fetch. Without that structure he was restless, with it he is relaxed at home." from="Lina, first-time gundog owner" />

Because they are sensitive, correction should be gentle and clear, rather than harsh. Many individuals will shut down or become confused if they feel unfairly treated. If you notice your dog disengaging during training, shorten the session, make the next task easy, and end on a success.

Organised activities can be an excellent outlet. Irish Water Spaniels often excel in:

- Working trials and gundog training
- Agility, thanks to their athleticism
- Obedience and rally obedience, with their focus and intelligence
- Canicross or hiking, as long as you build fitness gradually

A well exercised and trained Irish Water Spaniel is typically a pleasant indoor companion that will curl up near you after a day of activity. Without that outlet, their natural drive can become frustration, which is when problem behaviors appear.


## Health

Irish Water Spaniels are generally robust, but like all purebred dogs they can be predisposed to certain health issues. Responsible breeders work actively to reduce these risks, so choosing a breeder who prioritizes health testing and transparent communication is important.

Some conditions seen in the breed include:

- Hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia, which can lead to pain and arthritis
- Eye conditions such as cataracts or distichiasis in some lines
- Autoimmune disorders in a minority of dogs
- Ear infections, especially in individuals that swim often and have heavy ear feathering
- Skin irritation or hot spots if the coat mats or stays damp close to the skin

Many national breed clubs recommend health screening for breeding dogs, such as:

- Hip scoring through recognized schemes
- Elbow assessments when required
- Eye examinations by a veterinary ophthalmologist on a regular basis
- Sometimes additional tests recommended in specific countries

A typical lifespan ranges from around 10 to 12 years, with some individuals living longer in good health. Long term wellbeing is influenced by several factors that owners can control:

- Keeping the dog at a lean, fit body condition to reduce joint stress
- Providing regular, moderate exercise instead of sudden bursts after long rest
- Feeding a balanced diet suited to age and activity level
- Maintaining good ear care, especially after swimming, by gently drying and checking for redness or odor
- Keeping the coat free of mats so that the skin can breathe

Because this is an active working breed that often swims and runs in all weathers, prompt attention to small injuries is wise. Cuts on the feet, sore pads, or muscle strains should be rested and checked by a vet if they do not improve quickly. Regular checkups, including dental examinations, help detect issues early and keep your dog comfortable.

<x-quote text="Choosing a breeder who shares test results openly and explains what they mean is one of the best ways to support your future dog’s long-term health." from="Get a Pet Editorial" />

Many owners also choose comprehensive [pet insurance](https://getapet.com/en/pet-insurance) to help manage the costs of any unexpected illness or injury over the dog’s lifetime.


## History & Origins

The Irish Water Spaniel has ancient roots in Ireland’s sporting traditions. While the exact path of its development is not perfectly documented, dogs resembling today’s breed were described several centuries ago. They were valued for their ability to retrieve game from icy lakes, rivers, and flooded fields, as well as their skill in dense cover on land.

During the nineteenth century, a breeder in Dublin is often credited with shaping the modern Irish Water Spaniel through careful selection. The result was a dog that combined strength, endurance, and a strong water instinct with a very distinctive look. The tight curls, smooth rat tail, and rich liver color became hallmarks of the breed, along with a reputation for intelligence and independence in the field.

In its homeland and elsewhere in Europe, the Irish Water Spaniel served primarily as a versatile gundog. It could:

- Retrieve shot birds from deep or fast moving water
- Work in marshes and reeds where footing is uncertain
- Search rough pasture and woodland for game
- Return game gently to hand, thanks to a soft mouth

As shooting sports and dog breeding became more formalized, the breed gained recognition in kennel clubs and appeared at dog shows. However, it remained less common than some other gundog breeds, partly because it required dedicated owners who appreciated its strong character and grooming needs.

Today, Irish Water Spaniels are still used as working gundogs in some countries, often by enthusiasts who value traditional skills and versatility. At the same time, more individuals live as active family companions, doing hiking, obedience, agility, or simply joining their owners in outdoor adventures. Their rarity has a positive side: many breeders are passionate preservationists who take care to protect both health and working ability.

For anyone considering the breed, its history explains much about modern behavior. That intense focus, love of water, and need for meaningful work come directly from generations of dogs bred to perform a demanding job in challenging conditions. When those needs are met in a modern context, the Irish Water Spaniel’s heritage shines through as a rewarding partnership between person and dog.


## Living with the Breed

Sharing your life with an Irish Water Spaniel is rewarding, but it is not a casual commitment. These dogs need time, structure, and active involvement from their humans. Before bringing one home, it is worth taking an honest look at your lifestyle.

Time is a key factor. Most owners should plan on:

- At least one longer walk or training session each day, plus two shorter outings
- Several short mental workouts, such as nose work games, obedience practice, or puzzle feeders
- Coat and ear care once or twice a week, plus more drying after swimming days
- Regular grooming appointments if you are not comfortable clipping at home

Financially, costs can be similar to other medium to large active breeds. Annual expenses often include quality food, routine veterinary care and vaccinations, grooming, insurance, and training classes or activities. Unexpected vet costs can arise with any dog, so budgeting for that or having insurance is sensible.

At home, the breed adapts reasonably well to different living spaces as long as exercise needs are met. A house with a fenced garden makes life easier, especially during the teenage months when energy is high. Apartment living is possible for a committed owner who can provide sufficient outdoor activity and mental stimulation every day, regardless of weather.

Essential equipment usually includes:

- A secure, well fitting harness and sturdy lead
- A long line for safe freedom before recall is fully reliable
- A comfortable bed in a quiet corner of the home
- Towels and possibly a drying coat for wet days
- Grooming tools suited to curls, such as a wide tooth comb and slicker brush
- Floating toys and retrieving dummies for water and land games

<x-quote text="We quickly learned that if our Irish Water Spaniel had two good activity sessions and a bit of training, evenings were peaceful. On days we cut corners, he reminded us by pacing and pestering us with toys." from="Oskar, active family dog owner" />

This is not usually the easiest breed for a completely first time dog owner who has little support. However, a motivated beginner who is willing to attend classes, read, and work with experienced trainers can succeed. Using tools like the [Dog Breed Advisor](https://getapet.com/en/dog-breed-advisor) can also help you understand how well this breed matches your daily life.

Living with an Irish Water Spaniel means muddy pawprints, wet dog smell after swimming days, and a fair amount of hair on towels and grooming tools. In return, you get an athletic, intelligent companion that often thrives on shared adventures. For active people and families who enjoy being outdoors in all seasons, and who appreciate a dog with real personality, this breed can be a deeply satisfying choice.

Irish Water Spaniel

The Kennel Club (UK)

Irish Water Spaniel Association (UK)

Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)

Dansk Kennel Klub (Denmark)

Irish Water Spaniel Club of Ireland

Medium–large, athletic gundog with a distinctive curly liver coat, smooth face and tapering “rat tail.” Clever, water‑loving retriever that forms close bonds, often to one person. Needs substantial daily exercise, mental work, regular grooming and kind, consistent training.

## Quick Facts

- Powerful working dog with a calm, thoughtful nature when well bred and well trained  
- Deeply loyal to family and often reserved or aloof with strangers  
- Medium to large size, strong and muscular, with a short, easy-care coat  
- Needs consistent training, mental stimulation, and daily physical exercise  
- Traditionally used for driving cattle and guarding, now popular in sports and as a devoted family companion  


## Appearance & Coat

The Rottweiler is a compact yet powerful dog, built more for endurance and strength than speed. The body is slightly longer than tall, with a broad chest, strong back, and very well developed muscles. A typical adult male stands around 61 to 68 cm at the shoulder, while females are slightly smaller at about 56 to 63 cm. Weight can vary depending on build and condition, but a healthy Rottweiler should look robust and athletic rather than bulky or overweight.

The head is one of the breed’s most striking features. It is broad with a well defined stop, strong muzzle, and powerful jaws. The eyes are medium sized, almond shaped, and dark, giving an alert yet steady expression. Ears are medium, triangular, and carried close to the head, which adds to the attentive look. Everything about the Rottweiler’s appearance hints at its working origins and its ability to perform demanding tasks.

The coat is short, dense, and straight, with a firm texture and a protective undercoat. It lies close to the body and offers good protection against the weather without needing complicated grooming. The only accepted color is black with well defined rust or mahogany markings. These markings appear above the eyes, on the cheeks, muzzle, chest, legs, and underneath the tail. Clear, symmetrical markings are considered a hallmark of the breed.

Coat care is relatively simple. A weekly brushing with a rubber grooming mitt or soft bristle brush helps remove loose hair and keeps the skin healthy. During shedding seasons in spring and autumn, more frequent brushing can keep hair under control. Regularly check and clean:

- Ears to prevent wax buildup
- Eyes for any redness or discharge
- Nails, which should be trimmed so they do not touch the ground when the dog walks

Bathing is usually only needed every few months or when the dog is dirty. Too frequent bathing can dry out the skin. Most Rottweilers are not heavy shedders compared to some long haired breeds, but owners should still expect a steady, moderate amount of hair in the home year round.


## Temperament & Personality

A well bred and well socialised Rottweiler is often described as calm, confident, and self assured. This is not typically an overly excitable breed. Many are somewhat reserved with strangers and take their time to assess new people and situations. With their own family, however, they are usually affectionate, playful, and strongly attached. This is a dog that often prefers to be near its people rather than lying alone in another room.

With children, Rottweilers can be very gentle and patient, especially if they grow up together and the children are taught to respect the dog. Supervision is still essential with younger kids, partly because of the dog’s weight and strength. A happy, wiggling Rottweiler can easily knock over a small child without meaning to. Sensible rules, such as not climbing on the dog or disturbing it while eating or sleeping, help keep interactions positive.

When it comes to other dogs and pets, individual temperament and early experiences matter a lot. Some Rottweilers live happily with other dogs, especially if introduced properly. Others can be more selective or intolerant, particularly with dogs of the same sex. The breed has a strong guarding instinct and can be territorial, so careful introductions and ongoing management are important. Many do very well with cats and smaller pets if raised together and if prey drive is not overly strong.

Boisterous adolescence is a common challenge. As young adults, Rottweilers are often energetic, strong, and quite full of themselves. Without structure and consistency, this can quickly turn into pulling on the leash, jumping up, and ignoring recall. They are also sensitive to the mood of their handler. Harsh or unpredictable handling can lead to anxiety or defensive reactions in some individuals.

The best homes for this breed are those that offer:

- Clear rules and steady, kind leadership  
- Plenty of positive contact, not just time in the yard  
- Ongoing socialisation with people, dogs, and different environments  

<x-quote text="Our Rottweiler is very calm at home but he notices everything. He is happiest when he has a job, even if it is just carrying his toy on walks or staying close to our kids." from="Lina, Rottweiler owner" />


## Training & Exercise

The Rottweiler is an intelligent working dog that generally enjoys having tasks to do. Most are eager to learn, especially when training is fair, consistent, and based on reward. They respond very well to food rewards, toys, and genuine praise. Many show their best side when they know what is expected of them and when training sessions are part of everyday life rather than a rare event.

Early training should focus on:

- Walking politely on leash, even around distractions  
- A reliable recall, especially for such a strong breed  
- Calm greetings with people and other dogs  
- Settling on a mat or bed when asked  

Short, frequent sessions tend to work better than long, intensive ones, especially with young dogs. Rottweilers can be a little stubborn at times and may question unclear or inconsistent rules. This is not a breed that thrives with rough handling or punishment based methods. Instead, firm but kind guidance, clear boundaries, and plenty of positive reinforcement build trust and cooperation.

In terms of exercise, adult Rottweilers usually need at least one to two hours of mixed physical and mental activity each day. This does not have to be just long walks. Many enjoy:

- Tracking and nose work  
- Obedience or rally obedience  
- Hiking and long country walks  
- Structured games of fetch or tug  
- Pulling a cart or weight pull activities where permitted and done safely  

Puppies and young dogs should not be over exercised on hard surfaces to protect growing joints. Instead, focus on shorter walks, gentle play, and mental games like scent searches or simple problem solving tasks.

If their exercise and mental needs are not met, Rottweilers may become bored and create their own entertainment. This can appear as chewing, digging, barking, or guarding behavior that becomes too intense. A well exercised and well trained Rottweiler, on the other hand, is usually relaxed at home and content to rest near its family.

Obedience classes, puppy schools, and working dog clubs can be excellent resources. They provide structure, socialisation, and guidance for owners as well as for the dog. Many Rottweilers excel in dog sports and enjoy the extra challenge of training for trials and competitions.


## Health

Rottweilers are generally robust dogs, but like all breeds they have certain health issues that appear more frequently. Responsible breeders work actively to reduce these risks by health testing breeding dogs and carefully planning litters.

Joint problems are a primary concern. Hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia can cause pain, lameness, and early arthritis. In many countries, breeding dogs are x rayed and their hip and elbow scores are recorded. Prospective owners can ask breeders about these results and how they are used in breeding decisions.

Other conditions that may be seen in the breed include:

- Certain heart diseases, especially aortic stenosis and cardiomyopathy  
- Cruciate ligament injuries in the knee  
- Various types of cancer, such as bone cancer in older dogs  
- Eye issues such as entropion in some lines  

Not every Rottweiler will develop these problems, but awareness helps owners recognise symptoms early and choose breeders who take health seriously. Regular vet check ups, weight control, and suitable exercise are all part of keeping the dog comfortable and active for as many years as possible.

A healthy adult Rottweiler typically lives around 8 to 10 years, with some individuals reaching their teens. Good nutrition is essential. Large, fast growing puppies should be fed a diet designed for large breed growth to help protect joints. Keeping the dog slim is one of the simplest ways to support long term health, especially for hips, elbows, and heart.

Useful health practices include:

- Yearly veterinary examinations  
- Vaccinations and parasite control according to local recommendations  
- Dental care and tooth brushing several times a week  
- Monitoring for lumps, changes in gait, or reduced stamina  

<x-quote text="When choosing a Rottweiler, it is worth asking detailed questions about health tests, temperament, and how the breeder raises the puppies. Good preparation can make a big difference over the dog’s lifetime." from="Get a Pet Editorial" />

Some owners also choose to take out dog insurance to help manage unexpected veterinary costs. If you are considering that, you can read more about options on our Pet Insurance page: https://getapet.com/en/pet-insurance


## History & Origins

The Rottweiler has roots that go back many centuries in Europe. It is believed that dogs of similar type accompanied Roman legions, helping to drive and guard cattle that travelled with the army. As the Romans moved through what is now southern Germany, their dogs likely mixed with local herding and guarding types.

The town of Rottweil, an important cattle and trading centre in the Middle Ages, gave the breed its name. Local butchers and livestock traders needed strong, intelligent dogs that could drive cattle to market, guard money and goods, and protect their owners on the road. The Rottweiler developed into a reliable all purpose farm and drover’s dog, valued for its courage and endurance.

With the introduction of railways and other changes in livestock transport, the demand for drover dogs decreased. At one point the breed nearly disappeared. Enthusiasts who appreciated the Rottweiler’s working ability helped preserve and further develop the breed, focusing on its role as a police, service, and protection dog. The dog’s natural guarding instinct, confidence, and strong build made it very suitable for these tasks.

In the twentieth century the Rottweiler gained recognition in kennel clubs and a formal breed standard was established. The breed spread beyond Germany and became popular worldwide. Today, it is used in various roles, such as search and rescue, tracking, obedience, and protection sports, as well as in some police and security work.

At the same time, many Rottweilers now live primarily as family companions. The best modern representatives still retain their traditional character: a stable, self confident dog that can work when needed, yet relax at home with the family. This dual role means that careful breeding and responsible ownership are especially important to maintain the breed’s sound temperament and reliable nature.

<x-quote text="Understanding the Rottweiler’s background as a driving and guarding dog helps explain both its strength and its need for clear, thoughtful leadership today." from="Get a Pet Editorial" />


## Living with the Breed

Sharing your life with a Rottweiler can be deeply rewarding, but it is not a light commitment. This is a large, powerful dog with a strong mind. It needs time, training, and daily involvement with its people. Owners should be prepared to invest in puppy classes, good quality food, suitable equipment, and regular vet care every year.

Typical ongoing costs include:

- Food, which can be significant for a large, active dog  
- Veterinary care, vaccinations, and preventive treatments  
- Insurance, if you choose to take it  
- Training classes or club memberships  
- Toys, bedding, grooming tools, and replacement equipment over time  

From a practical point of view, a sturdy harness or well fitted collar, a strong leash, non slip bowls, and a supportive bed are basic essentials. Many owners also find a crate useful for safe rest and travel, provided it is introduced carefully and never used as punishment. Because of the breed’s strength, investing in quality equipment is wise. Cheap gear that breaks at the wrong moment can be dangerous.

Life in an apartment is possible if the dog’s exercise and mental needs are met, but regular outdoor activity is non negotiable. A house with a secure garden or yard can make life easier, though the Rottweiler should not live isolated outdoors. This is a people oriented breed that thrives on daily contact and being included in family activities.

Social responsibility is an important part of owning this breed. Some people may be wary of Rottweilers due to their powerful appearance. Well mannered behavior in public, respectful interactions around other dogs, and consistent training all help show what the breed is capable of when properly managed. Many owners find that their calm, friendly Rottweiler becomes an ambassador for the breed.

<x-quote text="Living with a Rottweiler means planning your day around walks, training, and time together, but in return you get a dog that is truly part of the family and very aware of your routines." from="Mikael, dog owner" />

If you are unsure whether this is the right breed for you, tools like the Dog Breed Advisor can help you compare traits and needs: https://getapet.com/en/dog-breed-advisor  

For those ready to make the commitment, a well raised Rottweiler can be a steady, affectionate, and deeply loyal companion that is fully involved in everyday life.

Rottweiler

Svenska Rottweilerklubben (Swedish Rottweiler Club)

Norwegian Kennel Club

Deutscher Rottweiler-Klub (German Rottweiler Club)

The Rottweiler is a strong, medium‑large working dog with a short black coat and rust markings. Calm, loyal, and family‑oriented, it tends to be reserved with strangers. It needs kind, consistent training, daily mental and physical exercise, and responsible ownership to thrive.

Irish Water Spaniel vs Rottweiler

Characteristics

Summary

Similar breeds