## Quick Facts

- The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever, usually called a Toller, is a medium-sized Canadian gundog and the smallest of the retriever breeds.
- A Toller attracts waterfowl by running and playing where it can be seen along the shore. Once a bird has been shot, the dog retrieves it from land or water.
- The breed learns quickly and has a strong desire to work. It is best suited to someone who wants to train regularly, rather than simply go for walks.
- A Toller can be an excellent family dog, but is rarely the easiest choice for an inexperienced owner. What matters is a willingness to learn about dog training and the ability to provide both activity and calm.
- The coat is a water-repellent double coat in shades of red or orange. White markings are common but not required.
- Before choosing a puppy, check the parents' joint, eye and DNA results, as well as the health and temperament of close relatives.

## Appearance & Coat

The Toller is an agile, compact and muscular dog built to work with stamina on land and in cold water. The ideal height is 48–51 centimetres for adult males and 45–48 centimetres for adult females. As a guide, males weigh 20–23 kilograms and females 17–20 kilograms, although weight and bone should always be in proportion to height.

The typical coat has a medium-length outer coat and a softer, dense undercoat. It may be slightly wavy over the back but is otherwise straight. The colour ranges from red to orange, often with paler feathering. White markings may appear on the tip of the tail, feet and chest or as a blaze. A dog without white markings is just as typical of the breed.

Coat care is fairly straightforward, but the double coat sheds and needs regular brushing or combing. Pay particular attention to the fine hair around the ears and to the feathering, where tangles form more readily. Hair around the feet may be trimmed, especially to stop snow from collecting, but the long, well-feathered tail should not be trimmed. Keep the nails and teeth in good condition too.

## Temperament & Personality

The Toller is usually playful and energetic, with a strong interest in working with its handler and retrieving. In the Swedish Kennel Club's summary of Behaviour and Personality Assessment in Dogs (BPH) results, the Tollers assessed scored highly for playfulness and positive energy. Sociability and confidence were closer to the average, and there was considerable variation between individuals. It is therefore wiser to assess the parents and close relatives than to expect a particular temperament from the breed name alone.

Many Tollers pay close attention to their handler and learn new exercises quickly. That same speed means they also pick up unclear rules, stress and repetitive activities that increase arousal and anticipation. The Swedish breed club's breeding policy specifically highlights sensitivity to stress and sound, as well as whining. Some individuals make a high-pitched, piercing sound when they become very excited, while others are much quieter.

The breed can be friendly yet reserved with strangers. Reserved does not mean fearful or threatening. A young dog needs calm, positive experiences of people, places and handling, without contact being forced. Ask the breeder how the parents behave in everyday life: can they greet people without becoming overexcited, recover after activity and settle in a new environment?

## Training & Exercise

A Toller needs regular opportunities to use its body, nose and brain. Its needs cannot be reduced to a fixed number of minutes that will suit every adult dog. Instead, consider whether the dog receives a thoughtful mix of fitness work, unhurried sniffing walks, retrieving or search work, everyday training and recovery. The aim is a dog that is keen to work when asked and able to rest afterwards.

Short, clear, reward-based sessions often suit the breed's quick learning style. Gundog retrieving, tolling tests, tracking, scent work, obedience and agility can all provide useful outlets, but the dog does not have to compete. Everyday skills such as steadiness, recall, walking with its handler and releasing objects are just as important.

Do not train speed alone. Alternate exciting exercises with breaks, quiet transitions and waiting in a designated place. Stop while the dog can still think, and reward its ability to settle. If the dog whines, loses precision, chases movement or struggles to rest after the session, the intensity may be too high even if it still wants to continue.

Puppies should build physical strength and confidence gradually. Short explorations, play on varied surfaces and simple scent and engagement exercises are more suitable than long runs or repeated throws that involve sharp turns. Increase the load step by step and watch for tiredness during and after activity.

## Health

The Toller is generally a functional breed, but a puppy buyer should examine joint health, eyes, immune-mediated disease and the way a breeder uses breed-specific DNA tests. A long list of tests is not automatically better than a carefully planned mating; results, family history and the Swedish breed club's current recommendations need to be considered together.

Ask to see the registered hip dysplasia (HD) status of both parents and the mating's preliminary HD index. The Swedish Toller Club recommends an index of at least 100. Also ask for elbow dysplasia (ED) results and a current eye examination. For progressive rod-cone degeneration (prcd-PRA) and the neurological disease degenerative encephalopathy (DEN), the club recommends that at least one parent be DNA-tested clear or hereditarily clear.

Cardiac laminopathy (CLAM) is a more recently recognised recessive heart condition that can cause early death. The breed club recommends that at least one parent be tested clear or hereditarily clear. Tests are also available for conditions including juvenile Addison's disease (JADD) and cleft lip/palate and syndactyly (CLPS), which can cause a cleft lip or palate and fused toes. JADD has incomplete penetrance, which means a DNA result showing genetic risk is not the same as a definite diagnosis of disease. For recessive variants, the purpose of testing is to avoid a mating that could produce affected puppies, not automatically to exclude every healthy carrier from breeding.

The Swedish term “Toller disease” is used as an umbrella name for two immune-mediated conditions. Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) is a form of meningitis that most often affects young dogs, usually between 6 and 18 months. Signs can appear suddenly and include fever, neck pain and general ill health. Immune-mediated rheumatic disease (IMRD) more often affects dogs aged two to six and may cause stiffness after rest, shifting lameness and difficulty getting up, climbing stairs or jumping. Seek veterinary advice promptly if these signs appear, and ask the breeder about autoimmune diagnoses in the parents, siblings and previous offspring.

## History & Origins

The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever was developed on the Nova Scotia peninsula in Canada in the early 19th century. The aim was to create a dog that could both attract waterfowl towards the hunter and retrieve shot birds. The breed's full name therefore describes the place, the method and the job.

During tolling, the dog works along the water's edge while the hunter remains hidden. The hunter throws small objects for the dog to collect; the dog disappears from the birds' view and then appears again. This movement arouses the ducks' curiosity and draws them closer. After the shot, the same dog is sent out to retrieve. Playfulness, drive, swimming ability and dependable retrieving are therefore central breed traits.

Sources differ on which types of dog contributed to the early breeding. What is documented matters more: the Toller was developed as a Canadian working retriever for waterfowl, not as a small version of the Golden Retriever.

## Living with the Breed

The Toller is best suited to a home where training and shared activities are part of daily life, but where the dog also gets uninterrupted sleep and help settling. A flat or a house is not the deciding factor. What matters more is whether you can provide daily physical and mental activity, make time for wet walks and coat care, and maintain routines during busy weeks.

With children, the same basic rules apply as with any dog: an adult should always be present with young children, and the dog needs a safe resting place where it will be left alone. A young, energetic Toller may become exuberant in play. Living with cats and other dogs can work, but hunting interest, play style and previous experience vary. Make introductions calmly, use distance and gates, and do not let the puppy rehearse chasing.

Time alone should be taught gradually once the dog feels secure in the home. Begin with very short periods and increase them only while the dog can rest without distress, barking or chewing household items. Swedish animal-welfare guidance also says that dogs should be taken out at least every six hours during the day, and more often when they are puppies or elderly. A full working day without arranged exercise and social contact is therefore not a suitable everyday solution.

The Toller is a good match if you want to develop a long-term working partnership, enjoy a quick and playful dog, and are prepared to train both drive and relaxation. If you mainly want an uncomplicated companion that is content with ordinary walks, another breed is likely to suit you better.

Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever

The Kennel Club (UK)

Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)

Swedish Kennel Club (SKK)

Dansk Kennel Klub (DKK)

Collegium Veterinarium (Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich)

Medium, athletic retriever, the smallest of its group, bred in Nova Scotia to lure and retrieve waterfowl. Has a red, foxlike, water‑repellent coat, high intelligence, and emotional sensitivity. Needs substantial daily mental and physical activity and can excel in many dog sports.

Aud Pedersen Eriksen driver oppdrett av rasen Nova scotia duck tolling retriever og holder til i Drammen i Norge.

Aud Pedersen Eriksen

German Shorthaired Pointer (Vorsteh)

German Shorthaired Pointer Club of Germany (Deutsch-Kurzhaar-Verband)

Norwegian German Shorthaired Pointer Club (Norsk Vorstehhundklubb)

Svenska Vorstehklubben (Swedish Pointing Dog Club)

The German Shorthaired Pointer (Vorsteh) is a medium‑large, athletic gundog with a short, shedding coat and striking liver-and-white patterns. Energetic, people-focused and intelligent, it needs extensive daily exercise, positive training, and close family contact to stay calm and content.

Ørjan Alm driver oppdrett av rasen Vorstehhund og holder til i Rognan i Norge.

Ørjan Alm

Leif Bjørnbakk driver oppdrett av rasen Vorstehhund og holder til i Åmli i Norge. Oppdrettet har røtter tilbake til 2004. I nyere tid har oppdrettet også omfattet strihåret vorsteh.

Leif Bjørnbakk

Norwegian Hound

Gunnar Kværne Amundsen driver oppdrett av rasen Dunker og holder til i Heggenes i Norge.

Gunnar Kværne Amundsen

Svein Jakob Håbestad driver oppdrett av rasen Dunker og holder til i Grimstad i Norge.

Svein Jakob Håbestad

Magne Aasrum driver oppdrett av rasen Dunker og holder til i Kodal i Norge. Harejakt og arbeid med rasen står sentralt. Det har gjennom flere år vært deltatt på harehundprøver og konkurranser.

Magne Aasrum

Magne Kristian Dyste driver oppdrett av rasen Dunker og holder til i Kolbu i Norge. Oppdrettet har gjennom mange år deltatt med dunkere på jaktprøver, mesterskap og utstillinger.

Magne Kristian Dyste

## Quick Facts

In Sweden, the Collie is registered as two separate breeds: the Rough Collie, FCI 156, and the Smooth Collie, FCI 296. They are often discussed together because they share a recent ancestry, the same height range and a similar build, but have different coats. The Border Collie, however, is a different breed with its own standard.

- **Origin:** Great Britain, with strong historical links to Scotland.
- **Roles:** herding dog, working dog and companion.
- **Height:** 56–61 cm for males and 51–56 cm for females in both breeds.
- **Weight:** the Smooth Collie standard gives 20.5–29.5 kg for males and 18–25 kg for females. The Rough Collie standard gives no official weight.
- **Colours:** sable and white, tricolour and blue merle.
- **Longevity:** in a large UK study, the median for Collies as a combined category was 13.3 years. This is a figure for a large population, not a prediction for an individual dog.

A Collie is best suited to someone who wants an active life with a responsive dog and is prepared to examine temperament as carefully as appearance. Coat length makes a clear difference to grooming, but does not reliably predict how energetic, confident or easy-going an individual dog will be.

## Appearance & Coat

The Collie is agile and well balanced, combining strength and mobility without looking heavy or coarse. The long, blunt wedge-shaped head, almond-shaped eyes and ears that tip forwards help create the characteristic expression. Both breeds have the same official height range. The Smooth Collie weight range should not be treated as an official guide for the Rough Collie, whose standard does not specify a weight.

The Rough Collie has a very dense double coat. The outer coat should be straight and harsh, while the undercoat is soft, woolly and dense enough almost to hide the skin. The mane, chest, legs and tail carry more abundant hair. Brush through to the skin and pay particular attention behind the ears, in the armpits and beneath the collar. More frequent combing is needed during a moult. Bathe when necessary.

The Smooth Collie has a short, straight, harsh outer coat with a very dense undercoat. It is much easier to keep free of tangles, but it still sheds. Brushing during a moult removes loose hair and is also an opportunity to check the skin, paws and nails. The coat should not need trimming or clipping to remain manageable.

Both breeds come in sable and white, tricolour and blue merle. White markings may appear on the collar, chest, legs, feet and tail tip, among other places. Colour is a poor basis for choosing a puppy; health, temperament, everyday behaviour and the breeder’s aims matter more.

## Temperament & Personality

The breed ideal is a friendly, active and cooperative dog with no nervousness or aggression. Many Collies learn quickly, pay close attention to their handler and enjoy being part of daily life. That is an excellent foundation for training, but it does not guarantee that every Collie will be confident, quiet, uncomplicated around children or easy for a first-time owner.

Temperament varies between individuals and bloodlines, and fearfulness has been an important focus in Swedish breeding work. Ask for more than general descriptions such as ‘sweet’ or ‘sensitive’. Examine the parents’ full MH behaviour descriptions, meet adult relatives if possible, and ask how the dogs react to unfamiliar people, sudden noises, new surfaces and surprises. How quickly they recover is just as important.

The Collie has a dedicated mental index based on the dog’s own MH results and those of its relatives. There are indices for curiosity/confidence, sociability, play, chase and gunshot response. A value of 100 represents the breed average; it is not a pass mark. An index should be considered alongside the full description, the wider family and the type of home or work for which the litter was bred.

The standards and the Swedish Kennel Club describe Collies as friendly towards dogs and people, but experience, health and training also shape behaviour at home. Assess the individual rather than treating coat length or breed name as a guarantee of personality.

## Training & Exercise

A Collie needs daily physical activity and tasks that make use of cooperation, concentration and curiosity. No credible number of minutes can suit a puppy, an adult competition dog and a senior equally well. Adjust effort and difficulty to the dog’s age, health, experience and recovery.

Combine walks with activities such as tracking, search work, obedience, rally, agility or simple scent games at home. Variety is more valuable than merely increasing speed or distance. Teach the dog to wait and settle as well; an active dog does not need to remain highly aroused all day.

Reward-based training, clear cues and gradually harder tasks suit a dog that enjoys working with people. Break new skills into manageable steps, reward good choices and make the exercise easier if the dog becomes uncertain or loses concentration. Harsh corrections are not a shortcut to confidence.

A Collie can suit a first-time owner who wants to train, can recognise early signs of worry and chooses a litter on the strength of documented temperament. It is a poorer match for someone drawn mainly to the appearance, looking for a fixed exercise timetable or expecting the dog to entertain itself in a garden.

## Health

When choosing a puppy, the actual results matter more than being told that the parents are ‘tested’. Ask for registration numbers and check hip results, MH records, eye findings and any relevant DNA results. Registration requirements and breeding recommendations are not the same thing.

For both Collie breeds, current Swedish Kennel Club registration rules require both parents to have an official hip dysplasia result before mating. Smooth Collie breeding dogs should have grade A or B hips. A Rough Collie with grade D or E must not be used for breeding, and the Swedish Kennel Club recommends a combined parental hip index above 100. The rules therefore differ between the two breeds.

The rules also require a known mental status. For resident Swedish parents born in 2016 or later, the full MH behaviour description must be completed and all 33 positions recorded. The handler may decline the gunshot element without the dog losing its known-status designation. MH describes reactions; the dog does not pass or fail it.

Collie Eye Anomaly, or CEA, is a congenital developmental abnormality affecting the back of the eye. It ranges from CH/CRD, which often causes no vision problem noticeable in daily life, to coloboma and rarer consequences such as bleeding or retinal detachment. Do not ask only whether a dog has been ‘CEA tested’; request the exact diagnosis and the age at examination.

Current Swedish registration rules do not impose a specific eye-examination requirement on Collies. The breed club nevertheless recommends that puppies are examined before leaving the breeder and that breeding dogs are examined again as adults. The Swedish Kennel Club explains that CH/CRD is best detected in young puppies, usually at 8–10 weeks, and recommends an adult examination before first mating in at-risk breeds.

A variant in the ABCB1 gene, commonly called MDR1, can make a dog sensitive to certain medicines. Testing is relevant for both Rough and Smooth Collies. Dogs with two copies are at greatest risk, but a dog with one copy may also react. Keep the result and show it to the vet before medication is given. The test addresses this particular drug sensitivity; it is not a general certificate of health.

The Swedish Kennel Club does not permit registration of puppies produced by mating two merle Collies. Merle combined with sable is also subject to specific rules on DNA status and breeding restrictions. A puppy buyer should therefore ask how the parents’ colours and any merle variant have been established, rather than choosing solely by the puppy’s markings.

## History & Origins

The Collie is a British breed with strong Scottish associations, although its precise early origin is uncertain. The breed standard describes a background in which local dogs mixed with dogs brought to Scotland by the Romans. Rough and Smooth Collies developed from the same working stock and shared bloodlines until relatively recent times.

Collies were first shown in England in 1861. Queen Victoria’s interest later helped make them fashionable as companions and show dogs. Their working ability remained important: the elegant build and responsiveness make more sense when seen in the context of a herding and working dog, not merely an appearance ideal.

During the twentieth century, the Rough Collie in particular became closely associated with the fictional Lassie. Eric Knight created the character in *Lassie Come-Home*, and the 1943 film used a Rough Collie. The stories shaped a heroic image of the breed, but a real dog must be judged by its own temperament, health and upbringing.

## Living with the Breed

A Collie can live in a flat or a house when given enough activity, rest and company. A garden does not replace walks and shared tasks. In a block of flats, the owner should also teach calm behaviour around sounds in communal areas and prevent the dog from spending all day watching the window or front door.

An adult should supervise time with children, set clear rules and provide a resting place where the dog will not be disturbed. Children should not climb on or hug the dog, or bother it while it is eating or sleeping. Even a friendly dog can feel trapped, and an enthusiastic Collie may accidentally knock over a small child during play.

Many Collies can live with other dogs and cats, but introductions should be calm and gradual. Prevent chasing, give the cat clear escape routes and do not leave the animals alone together until their relationship is settled. Small pets need secure accommodation that the dog cannot enter or watch from close range.

Being left alone must be taught gradually. Start with very brief periods when the puppy feels safe and is calm, and increase the duration only when it can settle. The amount of time an adult dog can manage varies; use the dog’s behaviour rather than a general maximum as your guide.

Before buying, the breeder should be able to answer these questions clearly:

- Is the litter Rough or Smooth, and what are adult relatives like to live with?
- What are the parents’ hip results and, for a Rough Collie, their current hip indices?
- Have both parents completed MH, and what do MH, mental index and close relatives show about fearfulness and recovery?
- When were the puppies and parents examined by an eye specialist, and what exact CEA findings were recorded?
- What is each parent’s MDR1 status, and does the mating involve merle?

Coat length alone should not decide the choice. Look for a litter whose health, temperament and everyday behaviour across the wider family can be checked.

Collie

Svenska Kennelklubben (Sweden)

Collie Association (UK)

Dansk Kennel Klub (Denmark)

The Collie is an intelligent, medium‑large herding dog with a long double coat needing regular grooming. Gentle, loyal, and sensitive, it bonds closely with family and prefers kind training. Adaptable to town or country, it needs daily mental stimulation and exercise to stay content.

Ann Gjertrud Kvam driver oppdrett av rasen Collie og holder til i Løkken Verk i Norge.

Ann Gjertrud Kvam

## Quick Facts

The Dachshund is a German hunting dog in FCI Group 4, developed to work both below and above ground. The breed comes in nine varieties: standard, miniature and rabbit, each combined with a smooth-haired, long-haired or wire-haired coat. It is therefore wiser to choose a Dachshund by size, coat, the breeder's aims and the dogs' actual characteristics than by the breed name alone.

- **Uses:** hunting below ground, hunting by scent, tracking wounded game and companionship.
- **Working style:** persistent, independent and strongly scent-oriented.
- **Size:** determined by chest circumference, not height at the withers or a general weight figure.
- **Coat:** smooth, long or wire, with distinctly different care requirements.
- **Important health issue:** intervertebral disc degeneration and herniation, often grouped under the term IVDD.
- **Best suited to:** someone who wants a low-set hunting dog with a strong desire to work and can provide daily exercise, scent work and consistent training.

The final size variety is not confirmed until the dog is at least 15 months old. The parents provide a reasonable indication, but the puppy's final variety cannot be promised before measurement.

## Appearance & Coat

The Dachshund should be low and long-bodied, yet compact, muscular and agile. Its body was built to work freely in confined spaces, not to be extremely long or heavy. The breed standard specifies ground clearance of about one-third of the height at the withers and a ratio of height to body length of approximately 1:1.7–1.8.

Chest circumference is measured after 15 months of age, from the highest point of the withers to the lowest point of the ribcage. The current ranges are:

- **Standard Dachshund:** males more than 37 cm but no more than 47 cm; females more than 35 cm but no more than 45 cm.
- **Miniature Dachshund:** males more than 32 cm but no more than 37 cm; females more than 30 cm but no more than 35 cm.
- **Rabbit Dachshund:** males 27–32 cm; females 25–30 cm.

The three coat types are more than a difference in appearance. The smooth-haired Dachshund has a short, dense, close-lying coat that normally needs limited routine care but should still be checked after time in rough country. The long-haired Dachshund has an undercoat and longer feathering that should be combed where tangles form easily, particularly behind the ears and on the legs, belly and tail. The wire-haired Dachshund has a topcoat, undercoat, beard and pronounced eyebrows. A correct wire coat is hand-stripped when needed; clipping it does not produce the same coat texture.

Accepted colours and patterns depend partly on coat type. Red, black or brown with tan markings, merle (dapple) and brindle are included in the standard, while wild-boar colours are typical of wire coats. Coat colour is not a shortcut to temperament or hunting drive, but some colour combinations matter for health. Ask the breeder to explain both the registered colour and its inheritance if the puppy is merle.

## Temperament & Personality

The ideal Dachshund is friendly and even-tempered, without fear or aggression, but is also energetic, persistent and self-assured. Its independence comes from work in which the dog must make decisions at a distance from its handler. In daily life, the same trait may appear as a Dachshund checking whether a rule really applies every time.

Hunting drive, sociability, vocality, interest in play and ability to settle vary between individuals and family lines. The Swedish analysis of the Behaviour and Personality Assessment for Dogs, BPH, describes many confident Dachshunds but covers less than one per cent of the Swedish-born population studied. It cannot therefore promise the personality of an individual puppy. Claims that a particular coat type is always calmer, easier to train or less interested in hunting are also too broad.

Instead, ask how the parents and close relatives behave at home, with visitors, on walks and in unfamiliar settings. For a working Dachshund, trial results and practical use are relevant; for a companion, it is equally important to hear specific examples of how the dogs settle after activity, how vocal they are and how they respond to handling. A responsible breeder should be able to describe both strengths and areas that require work.

## Training & Exercise

A Dachshund needs daily physical activity and meaningful scent work, but one fixed number of minutes will not suit every dog. Age, fitness, surface, size variety, health and the way the dog works all affect the appropriate load. A healthy adult can be an enduring walking and outdoor companion, while a puppy should build strength and coordination gradually and a dog with back symptoms needs a veterinary plan.

Tracking, search games, human scent trails and carefully placed food searches allow the Dachshund to use its greatest asset: its nose. Short, clear sessions with a reward the dog genuinely values often work better than repetitions without a clear purpose. Start recall, stop cues, staying with the handler and disengaging from a scent trail early. Obedience does not remove hunting drive, so a long line and thoughtful choice of environment are important when recall is not reliable. In Sweden, dogs must not chase or pursue wildlife outside hunting, and particular supervision is required where wildlife may be present from 1 March to 20 August.

Protecting the back does not mean that a healthy Dachshund should live a sedentary life. There is no evidence that a total ban on all stairs or jumping on and off furniture prevents IVDD by itself. Instead, develop good basic fitness, keep the dog at a healthy body condition, reduce slipping hazards at home and avoid uncontrolled high jumps or collisions. Tailor help on stairs and when lifting to the dog's age, size and health.

## Health

Intervertebral disc degeneration and herniation are the Dachshund's most important breed-specific health issue. IVDD means that the discs between the vertebrae change and may press on nerves or the spinal cord. Seek veterinary care promptly if a Dachshund suddenly develops obvious back or neck pain, arches its back, refuses to move, walks unsteadily, loses strength in its legs or has difficulty controlling urination or defecation. Do not wait for mild neurological signs to resolve on their own.

The Swedish Kennel Club's official spinal X-ray screening for Dachshunds counts calcified discs. It is performed from the dog's second birthday until the day before its fourth birthday, and the result is reported as K0, K1–K2, K3–K4 or K5–K26. K0 means that no calcifications were detected, while a higher K number means more fully or partly calcified discs. The result provides breeding and risk information; it does not guarantee that a dog will never develop, or will definitely develop, clinical problems. Information about disc herniation in parents, siblings and previous offspring is therefore also important.

Spinal screening and eye examinations are voluntary for Dachshunds in Sweden. The Swedish Dachshund Club's breed-specific breeding strategy nevertheless recommends considering back and family history and having breeding dogs' eyes examined before first breeding and later in life. PRA occurs in the breed. The current registration provisions for Dachshunds regulate matters including variety, coat, colour and final size measurement, but do not list back or eye examinations as compulsory conditions for registration. A buyer should therefore ask for the actual results rather than accepting the phrase “health-tested parents”.

Monitor body condition too: a waist should be visible and the ribs should be easy to feel with light pressure. When merle is part of a mating, the breeder should be able to explain the colour genes. Inheriting merle from both parents can result in double merle, which in dogs is associated with an increased risk of hearing and eye problems.

## History & Origins

The Dachshund was developed in Germany from low-legged hunting dogs for work below ground. Such dogs have been known since the Middle Ages, while organised breeding took clearer shape during the nineteenth century. The German Dachshund club was founded in 1888, and breeding came to encompass the three sizes and three coats that make up today's nine varieties.

The breed's low outline, powerful forequarters, stamina and independence have a practical explanation. The Dachshund needed to follow quarry below ground, but could also work as a scent hound or flushing dog and assist in tracking wounded game. In Sweden, it became particularly important as a slow-working scent hound when the roe deer population increased during the 1940s. The Swedish Dachshund Club was founded as early as 1901.

That historical role is still apparent in daily life. A Dachshund that will never hunt still needs outlets for scent work, problem-solving and movement. This is also why a buyer should ask what the breeder genuinely prioritises: work below ground, scent hunting, tracking wounded game, showing or primarily companionship.

## Living with the Breed

A Dachshund can live well in a flat if it receives enough time outdoors, activity and training around sounds in the stairwell and outside the door. The size of the home matters less than the content of the dog's day. Plan several opportunities to go out, time to sniff at an unhurried pace and a place where the dog can rest undisturbed. Time alone should be taught gradually; stop and make the exercise easier if the dog shows distress. The Swedish Board of Agriculture's advice to take an adult dog out at least every six hours during the day concerns toileting and exercise, not how long an individual Dachshund should be left alone.

A Dachshund can be a good family dog with children, but young children and dogs should always have an adult present. Children need to learn not to disturb the dog while it is eating or resting. Young children should not carry a Dachshund; a small dog is easily dropped, and the back and hindquarters need proper support when it is lifted. The dog should always have a safe, undisturbed resting place.

Living with other dogs or cats depends on the individual, previous experience and hunting drive. Make introductions calmly, use a barrier and give both animals separate safe areas. A Dachshund with a strong drive to chase may not become reliable with a rabbit, guinea pig or cat simply because introductions are practised. Secure physical separation may be the right long-term solution.

Before buying, ask for specific answers to the following questions:

- Which size and coat is the puppy expected to have, and how confidently can this be predicted?
- What are the parents used for, and how do they and their close relatives behave in daily life?
- Is there an official K result and information about clinical back problems in parents, siblings or previous offspring?
- When were the parents' eyes last examined, and what do the results show?
- Which BPH, hunting or show results are registered and relevant to this particular litter?
- How have the puppies been introduced to handling, household sounds, people and short periods away from their littermates?

The best match is not automatically the smallest puppy, the quietest one during a visit or the colour that first catches your eye. Choose the combination in which the breeder's aims, the dogs' documented health and temperament, and your own daily life all point in the same direction.

Dachshund

UK Dachshund Club

British Veterinary Association

FCI - Fédération Cynologique Internationale

Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)

Dachshund: bold, long‑backed, short‑legged hunting dog, originally bred for badger and rabbit. Comes in smooth, long and wire coats, standard and miniature sizes. Loyal, scent‑driven, independent and vocal. Needs regular but careful exercise and weight control to protect its spine.

Kokopelli driver oppdrett av rasen Dachshund og holder til i Båstad i Norge. I avlsarbeidet benyttes både øyelysing og røntgenundersøkelse av rygg.

Kokopelli

## Quick Facts

- Ancient Scandinavian hunting dog developed specifically for tracking and holding large game such as moose and bear  
- Medium sized, powerful spitz type with a dense, weatherproof black coat and curly tail  
- Highly alert, vocal and watchful, yet deeply loyal and attached to their own family  
- Needs substantial daily exercise and mental stimulation to stay balanced and content  
- A relatively rare breed outside Scandinavia, appealing to experienced and active dog owners who enjoy outdoor life  

## Appearance & Coat

The Norwegian Elkhound, Black is a compact, powerful and athletic spitz type, instantly recognisable by its dark coat and curled tail. Compared with its more widely known grey cousin, the Black Norwegian Elkhound is usually a little lighter in build and more clearly defined in outline. Males typically stand around 47 to 52 centimeters at the shoulder, while females are slightly smaller. Weight often ranges from 18 to 25 kilograms, depending on sex, bone structure and individual condition. The overall impression should be one of strength, agility and readiness for work in harsh northern terrain.

The body is slightly longer than it is tall, with a deep chest and well sprung ribs that allow plenty of lung capacity for long days in the forest. The back is strong and level, leading to a high set tail that curls tightly over the back when the dog is alert or moving. The head is wedge shaped without being coarse, with a clear stop, strong muzzle and dark, expressive eyes that give a keen, intelligent expression. Ears are erect, mobile and fairly small in proportion to the head, which adds to the alert, fox like look that many elkhound owners love.

The coat is one of the breed’s most distinctive features. As the name suggests, the Norwegian Elkhound, Black is always black in colour. Some dogs may have lighter hairs mixed into the coat as they age, but the ideal is a solid, rich black that emphasizes the dog’s outline. The coat is double layered and highly weather resistant. The outer coat is harsh, straight and lies relatively close to the body, while the undercoat is soft, dense and insulating. This structure allows the breed to work comfortably in snow, rain and wind.

Coat care is straightforward but regular. Although the hair does not mat easily, the thick undercoat sheds heavily, usually once or twice a year. During these shedding periods, daily brushing with a firm slicker brush or a metal comb helps remove loose hair and keeps it from spreading all over the house. Outside of shedding season, a thorough brushing once or twice a week is often enough to keep the coat healthy and glossy. Bathing should be occasional rather than frequent, since too many baths can strip the natural oils that protect the skin and coat.

Pay particular attention to the areas where dead hair tends to collect, such as behind the ears, under the tail and along the trousers on the back of the legs. Nails should be trimmed regularly, especially for dogs that spend more time on soft ground than on rough surfaces. Clean the ears weekly and check that they remain dry and free from redness or bad smell. With these simple routines, the Norwegian Elkhound, Black is a relatively low maintenance dog in terms of grooming, despite its thick northern coat.

## Temperament & Personality

Living with a Norwegian Elkhound, Black means sharing your home with a lively, intelligent and independent minded companion. This is a dog bred to work at a distance from the hunter, make decisions on its own and keep game at bay through persistence and courage. As a result, many Black Norwegian Elkhounds combine strong loyalty to their humans with a certain stubborn streak and a good measure of self confidence.

With their family, these dogs are generally affectionate, devoted and playful. They often form a particularly close bond with one person, but still enjoy interacting with all members of the household. Many owners describe them as watchful yet friendly, not over the top with strangers but polite and curious once they have had a moment to assess the situation. Their natural alertness and tendency to bark makes them excellent watchdogs. They will let you know about anything unusual outside the house, whether it is a passing car, a fox in the garden or a visitor at the gate.

Around children, a well socialised Norwegian Elkhound, Black is usually kind and patient, especially if raised with kids from a young age. They tend to enjoy being part of family activities and will happily join in games, walks and outdoor adventures. Because they are robust and energetic, they are often better suited to families with slightly older children who can respect a dog’s boundaries and handle an active, sometimes boisterous playmate. As with any breed, interactions with small children should always be supervised, and kids should be taught not to climb on or tease the dog.

With other dogs, temperament can vary from individual to individual. Many are sociable and enjoy canine company, especially if they have been well socialised. Others may be more reserved or selective, particularly with dogs of the same sex. Early, positive experiences with different dogs are important to encourage relaxed behaviour. When it comes to smaller pets, their hunting background must be taken into account. A Norwegian Elkhound, Black may see cats, rabbits or other small animals as something to chase, especially outdoors. Some individuals learn to live peacefully with a resident cat, but it is not guaranteed, and introductions should be done carefully.

A common challenge for owners is the combination of intelligence and independence. This breed learns quickly, but it may not always choose to obey instantly. They like to think for themselves and may question commands they find pointless. Barking can also be an issue for some households, especially in more urban environments. In the forest, a clear voice is desirable, but in an apartment building it can cause problems. Teaching a “quiet” command early and providing enough stimulation helps keep barking within reasonable limits.

Despite these challenges, people who understand the temperament of the Norwegian Elkhound, Black often become devoted to the breed. They appreciate the dog’s honesty, courage and sense of humour. This is not a breed that blindly follows orders, but rather a partner with its own opinions, strong loyalties and a sincere desire to be part of its human pack.

## Training & Exercise

The Norwegian Elkhound, Black is an active working dog that thrives when given both physical exercise and mental challenges. A quick walk around the block will not be enough for most individuals. Owners should expect to provide at least one to two hours of activity every day, ideally split between brisk walks, off leash running in safe areas and focused training or games that engage the dog’s mind.

Because of their hunting heritage, many Black Norwegian Elkhounds love to explore new scents, follow trails and investigate the environment. This can be both a joy and a challenge. On one hand, it means they are enthusiastic about outdoor adventures, hiking in the forest or joining you on long countryside walks. On the other hand, a strong hunting instinct can make recall more difficult, especially when the dog has picked up a fresh scent. Investing time in reliable recall training, and using long lines where necessary, is essential for safety.

When it comes to training, the breed responds best to patient, consistent and positive methods. Harsh corrections or heavy handed handling can damage trust and make the dog more stubborn. Instead, use rewards such as food treats, praise and play. Short, varied training sessions keep their interest better than long repetitions of the same exercise. Try to mix obedience exercises with practical tasks. For example, you might practice recall and sits during a walk, ask the dog to wait politely before crossing the road or use obedience cues in daily routines such as mealtimes.

Owners who want to tap into the breed’s natural abilities can explore activities like:

- Nose work and scent games at home or in the garden  
- Tracking or mantrailing, which mirror elements of hunting work  
- Hiking or canicross, where the dog can run on a harness and help pull  
- Agility or rally obedience, if the dog enjoys structured sports  

While the Norwegian Elkhound, Black may not always be as instantly biddable as some herding breeds, many individuals perform very well in various dog sports when handlers understand how to motivate them. They enjoy tasks that have a clear purpose and allow them to use their natural strengths such as endurance, problem solving and using their nose.

Mental stimulation is as important as physical exercise. A bored elkhound is more likely to bark, dig or become inventive in ways that owners may not appreciate. Puzzle toys, chew items, scent searches in the house or garden and trick training sessions can all help keep their minds engaged. Even simple games like hiding a favourite toy for the dog to find can be very satisfying for them.

Young dogs need particular care. A Norwegian Elkhound, Black puppy is full of energy, but its joints and bones are still developing. Long runs or hard exercise on asphalt should be avoided until the dog is fully grown. Focus on shorter, frequent outings, gentle play and early training in good manners, such as walking on a loose lead, coming when called and settling calmly indoors.

For the right owner, training and exercising a Norwegian Elkhound, Black is not a chore but a shared way of life. They are happiest when they can join you in outdoor activities and when they feel that they have a role to play in your daily routine.

## Health

The Norwegian Elkhound, Black is generally a robust and hardy breed, shaped by generations of work in demanding Scandinavian conditions. Most individuals are healthy, energetic dogs with a lifespan typically around 12 to 14 years, sometimes longer with good care. However, like all breeds, they can be predisposed to certain health issues that responsible breeders and owners should be aware of.

Orthopaedic problems such as hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia can occur. These conditions affect the joints and may cause pain, lameness or reduced mobility, especially in older dogs. Reputable breeders usually screen their breeding dogs with official hip and elbow scoring schemes and select only those with acceptable results. For puppy buyers, asking about these test results is an important part of choosing a responsible breeder.

Eye conditions can also be seen in some lines. Examples include hereditary cataracts and other issues that may affect vision. Many kennel clubs and national breed clubs recommend regular eye examinations by a veterinary ophthalmologist for breeding animals. A puppy from eye tested parents has a better chance of good eye health, although no test can give an absolute guarantee.

Some elkhounds are prone to being overweight, especially when they live a more sedentary life than their working ancestors. Extra kilos place strain on joints and can contribute to other health problems such as diabetes or reduced endurance. Keeping the dog at an ideal weight through appropriate feeding and regular exercise is one of the simplest and most effective ways to support long term health.

The dense double coat usually protects the skin well, but a few individuals may experience skin irritations, hot spots or allergies. Regular grooming helps you notice any issues early, such as redness, excessive scratching or flaky skin. Because the breed is often very stoic, they may not show obvious discomfort, so a quick health check during grooming can be helpful.

Responsible breeders often follow recommended health testing programs which can include:

- Hip and elbow evaluations  
- Eye examinations  
- In some countries, additional DNA tests if relevant for the line  

When you are considering a Norwegian Elkhound, Black puppy, ask the breeder about the health history of the parents and close relatives. A good breeder will be open about both strengths and weaknesses in their lines and can explain what they are doing to maintain or improve health.

Routine veterinary care is important throughout the dog’s life. Regular check ups, vaccinations according to local guidelines, deworming and parasite prevention all contribute to overall wellbeing. Dental care is sometimes overlooked in medium sized working breeds, but tartar and gum disease can still become a problem. Daily or frequent tooth brushing can greatly reduce the risk of dental issues later on.

With thoughtful breeding, appropriate exercise, balanced nutrition and regular veterinary care, the Norwegian Elkhound, Black can enjoy many active and healthy years, remaining lively and engaged well into old age.

## History & Origins

The Norwegian Elkhound, Black shares much of its background with the broader family of Nordic hunting spitzes. These dogs have a long history in Scandinavia, where people needed reliable hunting companions capable of working in dense forests and harsh climates. Archaeological findings suggest that spitz type dogs similar to elkhounds have been present in the region for thousands of years, accompanying hunters and settlers as they followed game and adapted to changing landscapes.

The term “elkhound” comes from the tradition of using these dogs to hunt large game, particularly moose, which is often called “elk” in Scandinavian languages. The dogs were expected to search silently for game, then hold it at bay by barking once they found it. The steady, rhythmic barking helped the hunter locate the dog and the animal in the deep forest. This style of hunting required a dog that was independent, courageous and persistent, with great stamina and a strong voice.

Within this broader group, a darker type of hunting spitz existed alongside the better known grey elkhound. The black variety was valued for its visibility in snowy landscapes and its clear outline in the forest. While the grey Norwegian Elkhound was recognised earlier by kennel clubs and became more widespread internationally, the black variety remained more local and less common. Over time, dedicated breeders in Norway worked to preserve and stabilise the characteristics of the black elkhound as a distinct breed.

Eventually, kennel clubs in Scandinavia and international organisations recognised the Norwegian Elkhound, Black as a separate breed with its own standard. Compared with the grey elkhound, the black version is often described as slightly lighter and more agile, with a sharper outline and, of course, a solid black coat. Despite these differences, both share many traits, including strong hunting instincts, loyalty to their handler and the ability to work independently in demanding terrain.

Today, the Norwegian Elkhound, Black is still used as a hunting dog in its homeland, particularly for moose and sometimes for other large game. In modern Scandinavia, many owners follow long traditions of hunting in autumn, where dog and handler work as a close team. The breed’s excellent nose, persistence and clear barking remain highly valued qualities.

Outside of hunting circles, the black elkhound has slowly gained admirers as a companion and versatile all round dog. It can take part in various dog sports, such as tracking, nose work, agility or obedience, although its independent nature can present a unique training challenge. Some individuals also work in roles that make use of their keen senses and endurance, such as search and rescue or long distance trekking companions.

Although still relatively rare compared to many more popular breeds, the Norwegian Elkhound, Black attracts people who appreciate its connection to Nordic history and traditional hunting culture. For many owners, living with this breed is a way to keep a small piece of Scandinavian heritage alive, while enjoying the company of a proud, capable and deeply loyal dog.

## Living with the Breed

Choosing to live with a Norwegian Elkhound, Black is a commitment to an active, outdoor oriented lifestyle. This is not a dog that is content to lie on the sofa all day, although they do enjoy relaxing with their family after a good amount of exercise. Prospective owners should realistically assess their time, energy and living situation before bringing one home.

In terms of space, the breed adapts reasonably well as long as exercise needs are met. A house with a secure garden is ideal, since it allows for free movement and sniffing between walks. However, a highly dedicated owner in an apartment can also succeed if they provide several substantial walks and mental activities every day. The key factor is not square meters indoors, but structured daily activity and meaningful interaction.

Barking is worth considering in shared living spaces. The Norwegian Elkhound, Black has a natural tendency to use its voice. With training and careful management, you can reduce excessive barking, but completely silent behaviour is unrealistic. If you live in a very noise sensitive environment, think carefully about whether this breed fits your circumstances.

The level of commitment is medium to high. Daily life with this breed typically includes:

- At least one long walk or hike, plus additional shorter outings  
- Regular training sessions for manners and mental stimulation  
- Weekly grooming outside of shedding seasons, daily when shedding heavily  
- Ongoing socialisation to maintain polite behaviour around people and other dogs  

Financially, costs are in the same range as for many medium sized, active breeds. The main expenses include high quality food, routine veterinary care, pet insurance where available, grooming tools, training classes and suitable outdoor equipment. An approximate annual budget might include:

- Food and treats, especially if you choose a quality diet suited for active dogs  
- Regular vaccinations, parasite prevention and annual health checks  
- Insurance premiums, which help cover costs for accidents or illness  
- Replacement of harnesses, leads, beds and toys over time  

Because the Norwegian Elkhound, Black is particularly fond of outdoor work, some specific pieces of equipment can be very useful. A well fitting harness is essential for activities like hiking or canicross. A long line allows the dog to explore more freely while you maintain control in areas where off leash running is not safe. Reflective gear or a bright collar can help make a dark coated dog more visible during evening walks or in dense forest.

At home, this breed appreciates a comfortable bed in a quiet corner where it can rest, but it also wants to be near its people. Most do not enjoy being isolated for long hours every day. If you work full time away from home, consider arrangements such as a dog walker, dog day care or a trusted friend who can visit during the day. A bored elkhound with too much time alone may develop unwanted behaviours such as excessive barking or destructive chewing.

Families who enjoy hiking, camping, forest walks or cross country skiing often find the Norwegian Elkhound, Black to be a perfect match. The dog can trot along for hours, happily carrying a small backpack once fully grown, or helping to pull in a harness. In more urban settings, they can still thrive if their owners are committed to regular trips to nature areas and provide enough mental challenges through training and games.

Ultimately, living with a Norwegian Elkhound, Black is about partnership. This is a dog that wants to be included in your daily life, not left in the background. In return for your time, patience and care, you gain a loyal, entertaining and capable companion with strong roots in Nordic tradition and a big personality packed into a medium sized body.

Norwegian Elkhound, Black

Norsk Kennel Klub (Norwegian Kennel Club)

Dansk Kennel Klub (Danish Kennel Club)

The Kennel Club (United Kingdom)

Medium, powerful black spitz with curled tail, bred in Scandinavia to track and hold moose and other large game. Alert, vocal and loyal, it needs plenty of daily exercise and mental work. Robust and weatherproof, it suits experienced, active owners and remains rare outside its homeland.

Jan Leonhardsen driver oppdrett av rasen Norsk elghund, sort og holder til i Tana i Norge. Oppdrettsarbeidet omfatter utstilling, bandhund og blodspor.

Jan Leonhardsen

## Quick Facts

The Portuguese Water Dog is a medium-sized, work-oriented dog for someone who wants to do more with their dog than take short walks. The breed comes from Portugal, belongs to FCI Group 8 and once worked alongside fishermen. Today it is primarily an active companion dog.

- **Size:** males stand 50–57 cm at the withers and weigh 19–25 kg; females stand 43–52 cm and weigh 16–22 kg.
- **Coat:** a profuse coat with no undercoat, either long and wavy or shorter and curly.
- **Colour:** black, various shades of brown or solid white. Black and brown dogs may have white markings on certain parts of the body.
- **Temperament:** often sociable, playful, curious and quick to learn, although individuals differ noticeably.
- **Activity:** needs a thoughtful mix of walks, scent work, training, play and rest.
- **Grooming:** needs regular, thorough combing and clipping, especially while the coat is changing.
- **Life expectancy:** the median was 13.0 years in a large 2024 UK study, but the breed-specific sample was limited.

The breed is best suited to a home where the dog can take part in family life and use both body and mind. It is a poorer choice for someone who wants an easy-care coat or a dog content with the same gentle walk every day.

## Appearance & Coat

The Portuguese Water Dog is compact, strong and almost square without being heavy. There is pronounced webbing between the toes, and the breed standard also describes the tail as an aid when swimming and diving.

There are two accepted coat types. The wavy coat is longer, slightly glossy and woolly, while the curly coat is shorter and denser, forming compact curls. Neither has an undercoat. This does not make the coat maintenance-free, nor does it mean that the dog never loses hair. Loose hairs can remain in the coat and form mats instead of falling on the floor.

Grooming has to suit the coat type, length and stage of life. Work through the entire coat down to the skin, paying particular attention behind the ears, in the armpits, on the legs and beneath a harness or collar. An adult coat can often be combed through about once a week, but a longer coat or one that is changing may need more frequent attention. The dog also needs clipping, either at home or by a professional groomer.

In the traditional clip, the hair is shortened on the muzzle, hindquarters and most of the tail, leaving a plume at the tip. The breed standard describes its appearance, but does not substantiate stories that the clip protected particular organs or joints. Those explanations are not established historical facts.

Gradually teach a puppy to accept a comb, scissors or clippers, as well as having its paws, ears and mouth handled. Short sessions paired with rewards make it easier to groom an adult dog without a struggle.

The Portuguese Water Dog is not allergy-free. Dog allergens occur in saliva and material shed from the skin, and the amount varies between individuals, even within a single litter. A coat without an undercoat is therefore no guarantee. Anyone with a dog allergy should seek medical advice about their own situation rather than buy a puppy because of the breed's reputation.

## Temperament & Personality

The Portuguese Water Dog is often people-oriented, playful and enterprising, and usually enjoys working with a person when the task feels worthwhile. The breed standard describes an intelligent, strong-willed dog with considerable stamina. In daily life, that combination can produce a responsive training partner, but also a dog that quickly learns unwanted habits when boundaries are unclear.

The Swedish Kennel Club's analysis of just over 200 Portuguese Water Dogs assessed through BPH found a relatively sociable, playful, fairly confident and curious group. Greetings, curiosity and interest in a new toy nevertheless varied clearly. Only a small proportion of the Swedish population at the time had taken part. The results therefore show tendencies in the group studied, not what every puppy will become.

Meet at least the dam and ask how close relatives respond to unfamiliar people, noises, handling and the need to settle after excitement. A completed BPH or MH can provide useful information, but it should be considered alongside everyday behaviour and behaviour seen in the wider family.

The breed can live happily with children and other animals, but the outcome depends on the individual, previous experience and introductions. A dog and a young child always need adult supervision, and the dog needs a quiet resting place where it will not be disturbed. Do not let a lively adolescent get into the habit of chasing the cat or crowding an older dog. Calm meetings, space and active supervision are more useful than a blanket promise that the breed “gets on with everyone”.

## Training & Exercise

The Portuguese Water Dog needs daily activity, but there is no single time quota that suits every dog. Age, health, fitness and personality determine the right level. Combine walks in different environments and safe opportunities to move freely with scent work, co-operative exercises and quiet rest.

The breed often takes readily to tasks that involve carrying, retrieving, searching and problem-solving. Retrieving, search work, tracking, obedience, agility and water work are options, not requirements. Choose activities that both dog and owner enjoy, and keep training sessions short and clear.

Reward-based training suits a quick and inventive dog. Reinforce what you want to see more often: attention, four paws on the floor, a calm passage through a doorway and the ability to wait. Teach the dog that activity has a beginning and an end as well. A dog that is only offered more excitement may become adept at getting worked up without learning how to settle.

The breed's history supports an interest in water, but not every individual enjoys swimming. Start in shallow water, allow the dog to choose whether to enter and use play or retrieving without force. Swimming is one activity option, not a test of whether the dog is a “real” Portuguese Water Dog. Always take the temperature, water conditions and the dog's ability into account.

Puppies and adolescent dogs primarily need varied movement, body awareness, experience of different environments and sufficient rest. Long, repetitive or high-impact sessions are not a shortcut to a fit adult. Increase difficulty and endurance gradually.

## Health

The Portuguese Water Dog is described as a relatively healthy breed, but a puppy buyer should check hips, eyes, relevant DNA results and family health. Ask for registration numbers and inspect official results rather than accepting the phrase “health-tested parents”.

Under the 2026 rules for puppies registered with the Swedish Kennel Club, both parents must have official hip status before mating. They must therefore have had their hips X-rayed, but the rules do not restrict this breed to grades A or B only. The parents also need an official eye examination no more than one year old, and a dog with PRA must not itself be bred from.

The breed club's published conditions for puppy referrals go further. They include hip grade A or B and require at least one parent to have a normal prcd-PRA DNA result. The test is a valuable breeding tool, but it is not listed as a compulsory DNA requirement for the breed in the Swedish Kennel Club's 2026 registration rules.

prcd-PRA is an inherited retinal disease that gradually impairs sight. An eye examination can reveal the disease, while the DNA test distinguishes genetically clear, carrier and affected dogs. A carrier is not ill; what matters is combining the parents' results so that affected puppies are not born.

The breed club also describes JDCM, a recessively inherited heart disease affecting young dogs, and recommends testing to avoid affected puppies. The result is not required for registration under the Swedish Kennel Club's rules. Ask the breeder which tests have been carried out, what the results mean for this particular mating and why the mating was chosen.

Addison's disease and hypothyroidism have been reported in the breed, but older Swedish material could not give reliable frequencies. Ask about diagnosed disease and unusually early deaths among parents, siblings and previous offspring without assuming that every dog will be affected.

A UK study of more than half a million dogs estimated the breed's median life expectancy at 13.0 years. The Portuguese Water Dog sample included 179 individuals, of which 36 had died, and the uncertainty was considerable. Treat the figure as a guide, not a promise that an individual dog will reach a particular age.

## History & Origins

The Portuguese Water Dog comes from Portugal and historically worked along the country's coast. As fishing methods changed, the breed became concentrated in the Algarve, which the breed standard regards as its original home region.

The FCI breed standard records specific duties: the dog helped the fisherman retrieve escaped fish, dived after broken nets and loose lines, acted as a link between boat and shore, and guarded the boat and property. The work called for swimming ability, endurance, attentiveness and initiative.

That background helps to explain why many individuals enjoy retrieving, search tasks and close co-operation. It does not mean that every dog loves water or has the same drive to work. Breeding, upbringing and the dog's own experiences matter too.

Today the breed is primarily an active companion. Its recorded jobs explain its tendency to co-operate, carry, search and work in water without any need for uncertain tales about lifesaving at sea or the purpose of its traditional clip.

## Living with the Breed

Life with a Portuguese Water Dog works best when there is time every day for company, grooming and varied activity. A large garden does not replace shared walks and training. A flat can work if the dog's needs are met and calm behaviour is taught when someone rings the bell or moves through the communal hallway. Some guarding instinct occurs, but how vocal a dog is varies between individuals.

Plan how to teach the dog to spend time alone from the beginning, without rushing it. Once the puppy feels secure at home, practise very short periods behind a gate or door. Increase the time only when the puppy can remain calm. The breed name cannot tell you how long a particular dog can cope alone without stress. If daily life involves long working days, arrange suitable care.

Make a realistic weekly plan before buying. It needs to allow for:

- walks and meaningful activity, including in poor weather,
- thorough coat care and regular clipping,
- brief everyday training and help with settling,
- gradual alone-time training and a back-up care arrangement,
- safe routines with children, visitors and other animals,
- the cost of insurance, veterinary care, equipment and, if required, a professional groomer.

The breeder should give clear answers about the parents' temperament, official hip and eye results, how prcd-PRA and JDCM have been managed, and which diseases occur in the family. A good match depends as much on the breeding line and individual dog as on breed. In the right home, the Portuguese Water Dog is an enthusiastic and versatile companion; in a home that cannot meet its needs, the same energy, inventiveness and coat quickly become a substantial responsibility.

Portuguese Water Dog

Fédération Cynologique Internationale (Belgium, Europe)

Société Centrale Canine (France)

The Portuguese Water Dog is a sturdy, medium‑sized, low‑shedding water lover with a curly or wavy coat. Intelligent, people‑oriented and energetic, it needs regular grooming, daily training, and plenty of exercise and swimming, thriving as an active, closely involved family companion.

Laila Erlandsen driver oppdrett av rasen Portugisisk vannhund og holder til i Furnes i Norge.

Laila Erlandsen

Gro Sætersmoen driver oppdrett av rasen Dachshund og holder til i Elverum i Norge.

Gro Sætersmoen

Lisbeth Petrine Kristin Nilsen driver oppdrett av rasen Collie og holder til i Eidsberg i Norge.

Lisbeth Petrine Kristin Nilsen

## Quick Facts

- The Shih Tzu is a small, purebred companion dog with roots in Tibet and development in China; Great Britain holds responsibility for the breed standard.
- The breed standard sets a maximum height at the withers of 27 centimetres and a weight of 4.5–8 kilograms. The FCI recognises one Shih Tzu, not separate “mini”, “imperial” or “teacup” varieties.
- Typical traits include a friendly yet independent nature, an alert expression and a sturdy body that is slightly longer than it is tall.
- The long coat requires substantial care. A shorter pet trim reduces the workload but does not remove the need for brushing, bathing and checking the eyes, ears, paws and skin.
- Free, quiet breathing, non-prominent eyes and a functional mouth matter more than an extremely short muzzle or an exaggerated coat.
- A Shih Tzu can thrive in a flat, but still needs daily movement, mental stimulation and social contact.

## Appearance & Coat

The Shih Tzu is small but sturdily built, not a delicate miniature dog. The body length from the withers to the root of the tail should exceed the height at the withers. The chest is broad and deep, and the high-set tail is carried in a curve over the back. The head is broad and round. The muzzle is short and wide, but the nostrils should be well open and the eyes large without being prominent.

The breed standard sets a maximum height at the withers of 27 centimetres and a weight of 4.5–8 kilograms. Breed type and sound function should take priority over trying to produce the smallest possible dog. Terms such as “imperial” and “teacup” therefore do not describe recognised size varieties of the breed.

The coat consists of long, dense outer hair and a moderate undercoat that should not be woolly. It may be straight or slightly wavy, and all colours are permitted. The hair on the head creates the characteristic chrysanthemum-like expression, but it must not obstruct the dog’s vision. The coat must never be so long or heavy that it restricts movement.

A Shih Tzu in a full-length coat needs a consistent routine. The Swedish Kennel Club describes regular baths, thorough drying and combing to prevent mats. Hair around the face needs to be kept clear of the eyes, and the coat should be worked through down to the skin so that small tangles do not become large and painful.

A clipped Shih Tzu is easier to care for, but not maintenance-free. The coat continues to grow and needs brushing, washing and clipping at an interval that suits the individual coat and daily life. The breed should not be described as hypoallergenic: how a person reacts to a dog cannot be determined by the coat’s appearance or the amount of visible hair in the home.

## Temperament & Personality

The Shih Tzu should be friendly, lively, alert and independent. This companion dog often enjoys taking part in family life, but its independence may show when the dog sees no point in a task. That gives the breed character and humour, but does not make every individual automatically cooperative in every situation.

Temperament varies between individuals and is shaped by breeding, early experiences and everyday training. The breed’s friendliness is therefore no guarantee that every Shih Tzu will love all children, dogs or cats. Life with children works best when they can handle the dog calmly, leave it undisturbed while resting and avoid carrying it without help. Young children and the dog should always have an adult close by.

Meetings with other dogs and cats should be built up gradually. A calm introduction and the option to move away matter more than the assumption that the breed always gets along with everyone. Some individuals are open from the start; others need more time.

A Shih Tzu may bark at sounds and visitors, but the amount of vocalisation varies and can be influenced by daily routines. Reward calm behaviour, give the dog an alternative to rushing to the door and avoid accidentally turning every alert bark into a major event.

## Training & Exercise

The Shih Tzu needs daily exercise and mental stimulation, even though the breed is not built for prolonged, strenuous work. Several walks with time to sniff, short play sessions and small training tasks usually provide a better day than one monotonous route. Distance and intensity must be adjusted to the dog’s age, fitness, the weather and its ability to breathe.

Short, clear training sessions suit the breed’s combination of intelligence and independence. Reward the behaviour you want and work on one thing at a time: engagement, recall, handling, lead walking and settling. House training is easier with frequent chances to go outside, predictable routines and an immediate reward outdoors; there is no evidence that every Shih Tzu is unusually easy or difficult to house-train.

Heat and breathing should determine the level of activity. A Shih Tzu that breathes with effort or noise, quickly loses pace or struggles to recover should not be pushed further. Exercise during cooler parts of the day in warm weather, and ask a veterinarian to assess recurring breathing noise or reduced stamina. Snoring and rattling breathing should not be dismissed as normal simply because the breed is short-muzzled.

Time alone should be taught gradually, starting with very short periods. Increase the duration only while the dog remains calm, and adjust the plan if it shows anxiety or discomfort. In Sweden, dogs must receive physical and mental activity every day and should be taken out at least every six hours during the daytime; puppies and older dogs generally need more frequent opportunities.

## Health

The main health checks for a Shih Tzu concern breathing, eyes, and the mouth and teeth. The breed can live a long life, and a large British veterinary-record study found an overall disorder pattern closer to dogs in general than to several other flat-faced breeds. That does not mean the risks associated with a shortened skull can be ignored.

The Shih Tzu can be affected by brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome, BOAS. In a 2026 British study of 42 Shih Tzus, the breed was assessed as having a moderate risk of BOAS, and just under half of the dogs received grade 0. The sample was small and cannot describe the health of an individual dog, but it shows why breathing must be assessed in practice. Open nostrils, quiet breathing at rest and in motion, normal recovery and a healthy body condition are important signs. The study also found an association between body condition and BOAS grade in Shih Tzus.

The Respiratory Function Grading Scheme, or RFG Scheme, is a standardised functional assessment of breathing. In 2026, the Swedish Kennel Club decided to introduce central recording of RFG results for Shih Tzus, but assessments can start only when trained veterinarians and the technical procedures are in place. Ask the breeder which breathing assessments have actually been completed and check the current status with the Swedish Kennel Club.

The eyes should be large but not prominent. The Swedish Kennel Club’s breed-specific instructions identify excessively prominent eyes as a risk area, while British health guidance recommends eye screening before breeding. Seek veterinary care promptly if the dog suddenly squints, rubs an eye, or develops marked redness, cloudiness or heavy discharge; corneal injuries are painful and need examination.

The mouth is another priority because the Swedish instructions warn about a narrow lower jaw and poor dental status. In a British study of 11,082 Shih Tzus, disease affecting the gums and supporting structures of the teeth was the most frequently recorded diagnosis. The same study also highlighted anal sac, ear and eye disorders. Daily brushing with dog toothpaste is the most effective home care against plaque; veterinary checks are still needed when tartar, bad breath, bleeding gums or difficulty chewing appear.

The study reported an average age at death of 12.7 years in the British population examined. This is a population measure, not a promise for an individual dog.

## History & Origins

The Shih Tzu has its roots in Tibet but was developed as a breed in China, where dogs of this type lived in the imperial palaces. The FCI lists Tibet (China) as the country of origin and Great Britain as the country responsible for the breed standard. The breed belongs to the companion-dog group and has never been subject to a working trial requirement.

The first documented import to Great Britain took place in 1931. Shih Tzus were initially shown alongside Lhasa Apsos, but differences in the head and overall type led to the Shih Tzu being recognised as a separate breed in 1934. It was registered separately by the British kennel club in 1940. The breed reached Scandinavia during the 1930s.

The verified history is clear without romantic embellishment: Tibetan roots, development in China and later standardisation in Great Britain. Today’s friendly but independent companion dog reflects the role the breed has long held close to people.

## Living with the Breed

The Shih Tzu is best suited to someone who wants a small, social companion and accepts that the coat, eyes, teeth and breathing require ongoing attention. The breed can suit both flats and houses; what matters is not the size of the home but whether the dog receives movement, scent work, rest, company and regular opportunities to go outside.

Daily life is easiest when grooming, toothbrushing and handling are introduced early in small steps. A dog kept in a short trim still needs to become comfortable with a brush, comb, bath, hair dryer, paw checks and touch around the face. Plan for recurring clipping at home or by a professional groomer as well.

Before choosing a puppy, meet the mother and preferably more adult relatives in normal movement, not only while they are sitting still. Listen to their breathing before and after a short walk, look for open nostrils and eyes that are not prominent, and ask how the breeder monitors the eyes, mouth and teeth, and respiratory function. Ask to see the available examination results and compare them with current information from the Swedish Kennel Club.

The breed is less suitable if the dog will regularly be left alone for long days, if daily coat care is unrealistic or if you want a dog for strenuous exercise in warm weather. For a home that appreciates a close companion who is not always eager to comply, the Shih Tzu can be a very enjoyable choice, provided sound function takes priority over extreme appearance.

Shih Tzu

Société Centrale Canine (French Kennel Club)

Small, sturdy companion dog from Tibetan and Chinese palaces, 4.5–8 kg with a long, flowing coat and chrysanthemum-like face. Affectionate, cheerful, and confident, it suits many homes. Needs moderate exercise, intensive grooming, and patient, reward-based training.

Marit Jacobsen driver oppdrett av rasen Shih tzu og holder til i Sola i Norge.

Marit Jacobsen

Finnish Hound

Swedish Kennel Club (Svenska Kennelklubben)

Norwegian Kennel Club (Norsk Kennel Klub)

Finnish Hound Association

Finnish Kennel Club (Kennelliitto)

Finnish Hound (Finsk stövare): medium‑large, athletic Scandinavian scenthound with an easy‑care tricolour coat. Calm and affectionate indoors when well exercised; energetic, vocal, and independent on the trail. Bred for hare and fox, needs substantial outdoor activity and consistent training.

Vegard Grav driver oppdrett av rasen Finsk støver og holder til i Spydeberg i Norge.

Vegard Grav

Truls Fredriksen driver oppdrett av rasen Finsk støver og holder til i Mysen i Norge.

Truls Fredriksen

Thomas Nyborg driver oppdrett av rasen Finsk støver og holder til i Fåvang i Norge. Det deltas i jegertrap ved siden av oppdrettet.

Thomas Nyborg

Arne Knut Nytrøen driver oppdrett av rasen Finsk støver og holder til i Tynset i Norge. En avlskombinasjon ble godkjent gjennom Finskstøverforeningen i 2022.

Arne Knut Nytrøen

Hege Mari Finnanger driver oppdrett av rasen Shih tzu og holder til i Oppaker i Norge.

Hege Mari Finnanger

Anna Helland driver oppdrett av rasen Shih tzu og holder til i Nærbø i Norge.

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