Xoloitzcuintle

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Ancient Mexican breed with roots going back more than 3,000 years, closely linked to Aztec and other pre‑Columbian cultures.
• Comes in three sizes (Standard, Intermediate/Miniature, and Toy) and in both hairless and coated varieties.
• Known for being calm, watchful, and deeply attached to their family, often forming a strong one‑person bond.
• Low grooming needs for the hairless variety, but they require dedicated skin care and protection from sun and cold.
• Naturally alert and protective, which makes the Xoloitzcuintle an excellent watchdog when well trained and socialized.

Appearance & Coat

The Xoloitzcuintle, often called the Xolo or Mexican Hairless Dog, has a very distinctive look that people tend to either fall in love with at first sight or never forget. The breed comes in three sizes. The Standard is the largest, with a well muscled yet elegant body. The Intermediate or Miniature stands in the middle in terms of height and weight, and the Toy variety is small and fine boned. All three share the same general outline. They have a lean, slightly rectangular body, a deep chest, a level back, and long, clean legs that give them a graceful, athletic carriage. The head is wedge shaped, with expressive almond shaped eyes that often seem to study everything around them.

One of the most striking aspects of the Xoloitzcuintle is its skin. In the hairless variety, the skin is smooth, firm, and warm to the touch. You can usually see subtle wrinkles on the head and neck when the dog is attentive. Colors range widely and can include black, slate, gray, liver, bronze, and various shades of red. Some dogs are a solid color, while others show small patches or white marks on the chest, toes, or tail tip. The coated variety has a short, close fitting coat that lies flat to the body. This coat is usually fine and glossy, without an undercoat, which contributes to the breed’s generally low shedding.

Eyes are typically dark in dark colored dogs and lighter in paler dogs, and they give the Xolo an intelligent, sometimes rather serious expression. The ears are large, triangular, and stand erect when the dog is alert, giving an almost bat like silhouette that is very characteristic of the breed. The tail is long and often carried low at rest, with a slight curve when the dog is moving or excited. Overall, the body is designed for agility and endurance rather than bulk, similar in outline to a light hound or an athletic sight hound, but on a more compact frame.

Grooming an Xoloitzcuintle is quite different from grooming a typical coated dog. The hairless variety does not need brushing, but the skin needs thoughtful care. Owners should:

• Clean the skin gently with a soft cloth and lukewarm water once or twice a week.
• Use a gentle, dog safe moisturizing lotion if the skin appears dry.
• Apply dog safe sunscreen on sunny days, especially on light colored dogs and areas with thin skin.

Bathing should be done only as needed, usually every few weeks, using a mild, fragrance free dog shampoo. Over bathing can strip natural oils and cause dryness or irritation. In colder climates, hairless Xolos will need a wardrobe of thin, breathable coats and jumpers to keep them comfortable outdoors and sometimes even indoors in winter.

The coated variety is easier in some ways, as the short coat only needs a quick brush once or twice a week to remove loose hairs and keep it shiny. However, coated Xolos still benefit from sun protection and warmth in cold weather. Regardless of variety, basic grooming such as nail trimming, dental care, and ear cleaning is essential. Nails should be kept short enough that they do not click loudly on hard floors, and teeth should be brushed several times a week. A well cared for Xoloitzcuintle has clean, healthy skin or coat, clear eyes, and an athletic, balanced appearance that reflects its long history as a hardy companion.

Temperament & Personality

The Xoloitzcuintle has a personality that is often described as calm, thoughtful, and slightly reserved with strangers, but very affectionate with the people it trusts. These dogs are not usually the type to greet every visitor as a long lost friend. Instead, they tend to watch quietly before deciding if someone is welcome. Once they bond with their family, they are extremely loyal. Many owners describe them as “velcro dogs” that like to stay close and follow their person from room to room. This strong bond can be very rewarding if you enjoy close companionship, but it also means they do not thrive when left alone for long hours every day.

Around the home, a well raised Xoloitzcuintle is generally calm and relaxed. They often pick a favorite spot, such as a sunny patch near a window or a comfortable chair, and settle there for long stretches. They like warmth and will often snuggle under blankets or press themselves against their owners. Despite their calm demeanor indoors, they are alert and aware of every sound. Many Xolos will quietly signal when someone approaches the door, and their natural wariness makes them an effective watchdog. However, without proper socialization and training, this protectiveness can turn into excessive barking or nervousness, so it is crucial to introduce them to a wide variety of people, sounds, and settings from a young age.

With family members and people they know well, the Xoloitzcuintle is often surprisingly playful and clownish. They enjoy gentle games, learning tricks, and joining in family activities. With children, they can be affectionate and patient, especially if the children are taught to be respectful and calm. Rough play, loud shouting, or grabbing can make any dog uncomfortable, and Xolos are no exception. They tend to do best with slightly older, dog savvy children rather than very young toddlers who may not yet understand boundaries. Supervision is always important, just as with any breed.

The Xoloitzcuintle can live happily with other dogs, especially if it is raised with them from puppyhood. They often enjoy the company of another respectful, stable dog, and it can help reduce anxiety when the owner is out. With smaller pets such as cats or rabbits, success largely depends on early, careful introductions and supervision. Some Xolos have a prey drive that may cause them to chase fast moving animals, especially outdoors. Others live peacefully with cats, particularly if they were socialized to them early. Prospective owners with existing pets should work with a breeder or trainer to make introductions as smooth as possible.

Common challenges with the breed include sensitivity, separation issues, and a tendency toward barking if bored or uncertain. The Xoloitzcuintle is an intelligent dog that picks up on the moods and routines of its household. Harsh corrections can easily damage trust, and a fearful or confused Xolo may grow withdrawn or reactive. On the other hand, a calm, fair, and consistent approach allows their best qualities to shine. When their emotional needs are respected, they show a remarkable mix of dignity, gentleness, and quiet humor that makes them a uniquely rewarding companion.

Training & Exercise

Training a Xoloitzcuintle is generally very satisfying for owners who appreciate a sensitive, intelligent dog. The breed tends to learn quickly, but it also thinks for itself. This means they respond best to training that is clear, positive, and fair, rather than rigid or forceful. They are quite sensitive to tone of voice and body language. A sharp shout or rough handling can break their confidence and make them reluctant to try again. In contrast, they respond enthusiastically to calm encouragement, praise, and food rewards.

Early training should focus on good manners and building confidence. Basic cues such as sit, down, come, and stay are important, but so are life skills like walking politely on a leash, greeting people without jumping, and settling quietly in a crate or on a mat. Because the Xoloitzcuintle can be naturally wary of unfamiliar people and places, regular socialization is essential. This can include:

• Short, positive visits to parks, pet friendly shops, and quiet café terraces.
• Meeting a variety of people, including men, women, and older children, in a calm and controlled way.
• Exposure to different surfaces, sounds, and environments, such as car rides and walking near traffic at a distance.

Training classes with a reputable instructor can help both owner and dog learn together. Group classes also give the Xolo the chance to practice focusing around other dogs and people. When training, it helps to keep sessions fairly short and engaging, as many Xolos do not appreciate long, repetitive drills. Mixing obedience exercises with simple tricks or games such as “find it” or “touch my hand” keeps things fun and builds enthusiasm for learning.

In terms of exercise, the Xoloitzcuintle is often described as “moderately active.” They are not typically high energy like some working or herding breeds, but they do need regular physical and mental activity to stay happy. A healthy adult usually does well with one or two decent walks per day, combined with shorter play sessions and mental challenges. Young dogs may enjoy more vigorous activities such as:

• Fetch or ball games in a secure area.
• Safe free running in a well fenced field.
• Structured dog sports like agility, rally, or scent work.

This breed is quite agile and can excel in sports that reward focus and quick movement. Agility training in particular can help build confidence and coordination, but it should be introduced gradually, especially with growing puppies whose joints are still developing. Mental stimulation is just as important as physical exercise. Puzzle toys, scent based games, and short training sessions throughout the day can prevent boredom, which might otherwise lead to barking, digging, or other unwanted behavior.

One aspect owners must consider is the Xoloitzcuintle’s sensitivity to weather. Hairless dogs may dislike cold or rain and might resist going out in bad weather without a coat. On very hot sunny days, they should not be exercised in the full midday sun for long periods, as their skin can burn quickly. Early morning or evening walks are often best in warm climates, while layered clothing and perhaps even boots may be needed in harsher winters.

With the right balance of exercise, mental enrichment, and kind, consistent training, the Xoloitzcuintle becomes a polite, responsive, and deeply attached companion. They enjoy having a job, even if that job is simply to walk nicely by your side and relax quietly at your feet when the day’s activities are over.

Health

The Xoloitzcuintle is generally a robust and long lived breed, but like all dogs it has some health points that potential owners should understand. Careful breeding and responsible ownership can greatly improve the chances of a healthy life, so it is worth taking the time to learn about possible issues and recommended health testing.

One of the most distinctive aspects of this breed is the hairless variety, which is the result of a specific genetic trait. This trait can be associated with certain dental issues. Hairless Xolos often have fewer teeth than coated ones, particularly missing premolars. While this is considered normal for the breed, it can sometimes lead to dental crowding or tartar buildup if not monitored. Regular dental care is extremely important. Owners should get puppies used to having their mouths handled and their teeth brushed from an early age. Coated Xolos usually have a more complete dentition, but they also benefit from routine dental checks.

Skin health is a central concern for the hairless variety. The skin can be prone to dryness, blackheads, and occasional irritation. Poor quality products, too frequent bathing, or inappropriate human cosmetics can all cause problems. Gentle, dog specific shampoos, limited bathing, and consistent moisturizing are key. Young Xolos, especially during adolescence, may develop small spots or acne like bumps. These often improve with age and good care. If problems persist, it is wise to consult a veterinarian familiar with the breed rather than experimenting with harsh treatments.

Orthopedic health is another area to watch. Like many medium and larger breeds, Standard Xoloitzcuintles can be affected by hip dysplasia, where the hip joint does not fit perfectly, potentially leading to pain or arthritis later in life. Reputable breeders often screen breeding dogs with hip X rays evaluated by official schemes. Elbow dysplasia screening may also be recommended. For smaller Xolos, patellar luxation, where the kneecap slips out of place, can occasionally occur. Responsible breeders will avoid using affected dogs in breeding programs and will discuss any known issues with potential owners.

Eye conditions are relatively uncommon, but screening for hereditary eye diseases can be worthwhile, especially in lines where any concern has been noted. Routine veterinary eye examinations help catch problems early. As with many breeds, there can also be a risk of autoimmune conditions or allergies, though these are not universal and vary between lines.

Recommended health tests for breeding Xoloitzcuintles typically include:

• Hip evaluation for Standards, and sometimes Intermediates, through an official scheme.
• Eye examinations by a veterinary ophthalmologist.
• Patella checks, particularly in smaller sizes.

Some clubs may recommend additional screenings or DNA tests as knowledge evolves. Prospective owners should ask breeders which tests they perform and request to see the results.

The typical lifespan of a Xoloitzcuintle is often between 12 and 15 years, with some individuals living even longer when well cared for. To support a long and healthy life, owners should focus on:

• Maintaining a lean, muscular body condition through proper diet and exercise.
• Scheduling regular veterinary checkups, including annual health exams and vaccinations as advised.
• Practicing year round parasite prevention, especially in warm regions.
• Monitoring skin, teeth, and weight closely, addressing small changes before they develop into bigger issues.

Because the breed is still relatively rare in some countries, it is helpful to find a veterinarian who is open to learning about the Xoloitzcuintle’s particular needs. Joining breed clubs or local owner groups can also provide valuable practical advice. With thoughtful breeding, routine prevention, and day to day care, most Xolos remain sturdy, active, and bright well into their senior years.

History & Origins

The story of the Xoloitzcuintle is deeply intertwined with the cultural and spiritual history of Mexico. This is not a recently created breed, but one with roots that go back thousands of years. Archaeological findings, including pottery, sculptures, and burial sites, indicate that dogs very much like the modern Xolo existed among pre‑Columbian civilizations such as the Aztec, Maya, Toltec, and Colima cultures. These hairless dogs were not simply household companions. They held an important place in rituals, myth, and daily life.

The name of the breed comes from “Xolotl,” an Aztec god associated with lightning and the underworld, and “itzcuintli,” the word for dog. According to legend, the god Xolotl created the Xoloitzcuintle from a fragment of the Bone of Life, which was used to shape humankind. The dog was given to humans to guard them in life and guide their souls in death. Burials have been found where Xolo shaped figures were placed beside humans, suggesting that these dogs were believed to accompany their owners into the afterlife. They were also kept as living guardians of homes and temples, warning of intruders and protecting against evil spirits.

In everyday life, hairless dogs had practical value too. Their warm skin was believed to have healing properties, and they were sometimes used as living “hot water bottles” for people suffering from joint pain or illness. While it can be uncomfortable to modern sensibilities, historical evidence also suggests that some of these dogs were used as a food source in certain cultures, especially for ceremonial meals. This underlines how closely linked they were with human survival and beliefs.

With the arrival of European colonizers, native dog breeds, including the Xoloitzcuintle, faced a dramatic decline. Imported dogs and changing cultural practices nearly erased them. For centuries, the breed survived mainly in remote or rural areas of Mexico, where indigenous families continued to keep these hairless dogs as companions and protectors. It was only in the 20th century that enthusiasts, both within Mexico and abroad, began to actively preserve and promote the breed.

National and international kennel clubs gradually recognized the Xoloitzcuintle, which helped stabilize and standardize it. Efforts were made to document its characteristics, refine the breeding program, and protect genetic diversity. Today, the breed is recognized in many countries and appears in dog shows and companion events, though it remains relatively rare compared to more modern breeds.

In modern times, the Xoloitzcuintle’s role has shifted from sacred guardian and working village dog to family companion and show dog, but it still carries a strong sense of heritage. In Mexico, the breed is regarded as a national treasure and cultural symbol. It often features in art, festivals, and public events that celebrate indigenous traditions. Globally, the Xolo appeals to people who appreciate an ancient, relatively natural breed with a distinctive appearance and character.

Even though it lives mostly as a companion today, the Xoloitzcuintle still reflects its history in its temperament. Its watchful nature, deep loyalty, and preference for close physical contact with its humans all make sense when you consider centuries of life alongside families, shamans, and farmers. Walking through a modern city with a Xolo at your side, it is easy to imagine a thread that links past and present, from ancient temples and village courtyards to contemporary homes and gardens.

Living with the Breed

Sharing your life with a Xoloitzcuintle can be a deeply rewarding experience, but it is not the right choice for everyone. This breed needs a household that appreciates its sensitivity, respects its unique physical needs, and has time to provide companionship and guidance. Before bringing one home, it is wise to think carefully about your lifestyle and expectations.

One of the first things new owners notice is how much the Xolo values contact and routine. These dogs often bond closely with one or two people and can be quite distressed if left alone frequently or for long hours. They do not suit a lifestyle where everyone is away all day and the dog must entertain itself. A Xoloitzcuintle is happier in a home where at least one person works from home, has flexible hours, or can arrange dog sitters, day care, or a trusted family member to provide company. With planning, they can adapt to many situations, but they do poorly if consistently neglected or treated as an afterthought.

Practical considerations include the environment and climate. Hairless Xolos are relatively low shedding and can be a good option for people who dislike dog hair in the house, although no breed is entirely hypoallergenic. However, their skin needs protection. Households in cold climates should budget for several well fitting dog coats and sweaters, plus possibly pajamas for night time if the home is cool. In sunny or hot climates, shade, cooling mats, and dog safe sunscreen are essential. Coated Xolos have fewer temperature challenges but still dislike extremes and appreciate comfort.

Financially, owning a Xoloitzcuintle is similar to owning any other medium or small companion breed, with a few extra costs related to skin care and clothing for hairless dogs. Annual expenses can include:

• Quality dog food appropriate for age, size, and activity level.
• Routine veterinary checkups, vaccinations, and parasite prevention.
• Occasional skin care products and grooming supplies.
• Training classes, toys, and mental enrichment items.
• Insurance or a savings plan for unexpected health issues.

Exact costs vary by country and lifestyle, but it is realistic to plan for ongoing annual expenses, plus an initial outlay for equipment and purchase price.

In terms of home setup, a Xoloitzcuintle appreciates a cozy bed in a quiet corner and access to soft blankets. Many enjoy covered beds or crates used as dens, provided they are introduced positively. A secure, fenced garden is ideal, as it allows free exercise and sunbathing under supervision. If you do not have a garden, daily walks and safe off leash opportunities in secure areas become even more important. Because this breed can be reserved, it is helpful to teach visitors how to greet the dog calmly and to allow the Xolo to approach at its own pace rather than being forced into interaction.

Useful equipment for living with a Xolo includes:

• A comfortable harness and sturdy leash for walks.
• Weather appropriate clothing, particularly for hairless dogs.
• Nail clippers or a grinder for regular nail care.
• Soft brushes for coated Xolos and gentle cloths for wiping hairless skin.
• Interactive toys, slow feeders, or puzzle feeders to provide mental stimulation.

Family life with a Xoloitzcuintle can be rich and calm. They tend to adapt well to apartment living as long as their exercise needs are met, and they appreciate a structured household where meals, walks, and rest times have a predictable pattern. They often prefer a quieter environment and may not enjoy constant noise or chaos. For families who value a thoughtful, devoted dog that truly becomes part of the household, the Xoloitzcuintle can be a treasured companion.

Prospective owners should be prepared to invest time in early socialization and training, ongoing skin and dental care, and daily interaction. In return, they receive a dog that offers warmth, loyalty, and a unique connection that often feels very personal. Living with a Xoloitzcuintle is less about owning a pet and more about welcoming a sensitive, intelligent individual into your life, one that carries centuries of history and spirit into the modern world.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

Are Xoloitzcuintles really hairless, and do they come in a coated variety too?

This breed is best known for its hairless variety, which has smooth, tough skin and very little to no body hair. There is also a coated variety with a short, flat coat. Both types occur in the same litters and are recognized in three sizes: toy, miniature, and standard.

What kind of skin care does a hairless Xoloitzcuintle need?

Hairless dogs need regular but gentle skin care, including occasional baths with a mild, non‑drying dog shampoo and routine moisturizing if the skin is dry. Sun protection is important, so limited direct sun and dog‑safe sunscreen on exposed areas are recommended. They can also be prone to clogged pores, so owners should avoid heavy, oily products and harsh scrubbing.

Is the Xoloitzcuintle hypoallergenic and good for people with allergies?

Many people with dog allergies tolerate this breed better because there is little hair and minimal shedding. However, no dog is truly hypoallergenic, since dander and saliva still contain allergens. Spending time with the breed before committing is the best way to judge an individual reaction.

What is typical Xoloitzcuintle temperament like with family and strangers?

They are usually calm, observant, and very devoted to their main people, often forming a close bond with one family member. With strangers they can be reserved or aloof and may take time to warm up. Good socialization from puppyhood helps them stay confident and polite rather than shy or overly protective.

How much exercise does a Xoloitzcuintle need, and does it differ by size?

All three sizes need daily physical and mental exercise, but standards usually require the most. A couple of brisk walks and some free play or training games will suit most adults, while active standards may enjoy longer hikes or dog sports. Because they are thoughtful and sensitive, enrichment such as scent games and obedience work is as important as physical activity.

Are Xoloitzcuintles suitable for apartment living or do they need a yard?

They adapt well to apartments as long as they receive enough exercise and mental stimulation. They are typically quiet indoors and like to be near their people. A yard is helpful for play but not essential, and they should not be left outside for long due to temperature and sun exposure concerns.

What health problems are Xoloitzcuintles prone to, especially related to their hairlessness?

Many are quite robust, but hairless individuals can have dental issues such as missing or malformed teeth. Skin problems like sunburn, irritation, and acne‑like bumps can also occur if care is not managed well. As with most breeds, responsible breeders screen for joint, eye, and other hereditary conditions to reduce risk.

How does the ancient history of the Xoloitzcuintle influence its behavior today?

This breed developed in Mexico as a natural, unaltered landrace, which contributes to its strong watchdog instincts and keen awareness of its environment. Many remain somewhat primitive in behavior, with a thoughtful, independent streak and a deep attachment to their home and family. They often thrive in calm, predictable households that respect their sensitivity.

Do Xoloitzcuintles get along with children and other pets?

With respectful, calm children they can be affectionate and gentle, but rough handling is risky due to their exposed skin and sensitivity. Early, positive introductions to other dogs and pets are important, since some can be wary or territorial without socialization. Supervision around very young children is essential to protect both the dog and the child.

How cold or hot tolerant is a Xoloitzcuintle, and what climate is best?

Hairless dogs are sensitive to both temperature extremes because they lack an insulating coat. In cold weather they usually need sweaters or coats and limited outdoor time, while in hot, sunny climates they must be protected from sunburn and overheating. A temperate climate with access to climate‑controlled indoor spaces suits them best.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Sweden)
• Société Centrale Canine (France)