Spanish Water Dog (Perro de Agua Espanol)

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• The Spanish Water Dog is a highly versatile working breed, traditionally used for herding, water work, and even assisting fishermen along the Spanish coast.
• Its distinctive curly, woolly coat can form natural cords if left unbrushed, giving the dog a rustic, sheep-like appearance.
• This breed is exceptionally loyal and devoted to its family, often forming a deep bond with one main person while still being affectionate with others.
• Spanish Water Dogs are energetic, intelligent, and easily bored, which makes them fantastic partners for active people who enjoy training, hiking, or dog sports.
• When well socialized, they combine an affectionate family nature with a natural watchdog instinct, alerting to strangers without being aggressive if handled correctly.

Appearance & Coat

The Spanish Water Dog, or Perro de Agua Español, is a medium sized, rustic looking dog that immediately stands out because of its coat. At first glance, many people think it looks like a little sheep or a small, athletic poodle type, yet the breed has its own very distinct character and structure.

An adult Spanish Water Dog typically stands around 40 to 50 centimeters at the shoulder, with males usually a little taller and heavier than females. Their weight commonly ranges between 14 and 22 kilograms, depending on sex and overall build. The body is slightly longer than tall, giving a rectangular outline, and should be strong without looking heavy. This is a worker first and foremost, so everything about the dog is built for stamina, agility, and all-day activity in rough terrain and on uneven ground.

The head is well proportioned to the body, with a strong muzzle and a slightly rounded skull. Eyes are expressive and usually brown or hazel, depending on the coat color. Ears are triangular, set at medium height, and hang close to the head, often blending into the surrounding curls. The overall expression tends to be alert, intelligent, and a little reserved, especially with strangers.

The most distinctive feature of the Spanish Water Dog is its coat. It is curly, woolly in texture, and can form cords if allowed to grow. The coat is naturally single layered, with no soft undercoat, which helps the dog dry more quickly after swimming and protects it from harsh weather. Colors are varied and can include solid shades such as brown, beige, black, or white, as well as bicolors like brown and white or black and white. Tricolors are not generally desired in formal breed standards.

A key point that surprises many new owners is that the Spanish Water Dog coat is never brushed or combed. Brushing breaks the curl structure and can damage the forming cords. Instead, coat management focuses on clipping and careful separation of curls. Puppies start with a fluffy, soft coat that gradually changes to a more adult texture. Many breeders recommend shaving the coat down once or twice during the first year to help it grow in evenly and to make maintenance easier.

Practical coat care for a Spanish Water Dog includes:

• Clipping the coat evenly, usually once or twice a year, depending on lifestyle and climate.
• Allowing the coat to air dry after bathing or swimming, and gently separating any large clumps of hair with your fingers so they do not mat into an uncomfortable mass.
• Checking regularly around ears, armpits, groin, and between toes, since these areas are more prone to knots and trapped debris.

Because the coat does not shed in the way many other breeds do, some people consider the Spanish Water Dog a more suitable choice for allergy sufferers. While no dog is truly hypoallergenic, the low shedding and tight curls can reduce loose hair in the home. However, grooming is not “low maintenance.” It is simply a different type of care, focused more on proper clipping, regular checks, and preventing matting. For active dogs that swim often or work outdoors, you will also need to rinse out salt, mud, or sand and keep the skin healthy. With the right approach, the coat is both practical and beautiful, reflecting the dog’s long history as a tough, all purpose worker.

Temperament & Personality

The temperament of the Spanish Water Dog is one of the main reasons people fall in love with this breed. At home, these dogs are intensely devoted and affectionate with their family. They often pick a favorite person, which is typical of many herding and working breeds, yet they usually spread their affection around the household too. Many owners describe them as “velcro dogs” that follow them from room to room, always wanting to be involved in whatever is happening.

Around children, a well bred and well socialized Spanish Water Dog can be playful, patient, and protective. They tend to enjoy active children who like games and outdoor fun. However, because they are a herding breed at heart, you may see some attempts to “round up” running kids, especially younger dogs that are still learning manners. This might appear as circling, nudging, or gentle mouthing of clothes. Clear boundaries, supervision, and early training usually stop this from becoming a problem. Families should teach children how to interact respectfully, for example by avoiding rough play, not pulling on curls, and giving the dog a safe place to retreat when it wants quiet time.

With other dogs, Spanish Water Dogs are often social and confident if they are introduced properly from a young age. They can enjoy living with another dog, especially one that matches their energy level and play style. However, they may be wary of unfamiliar dogs at first and can be selective about their friends. Good puppy socialization classes, controlled greetings, and positive experiences around a variety of dogs help build relaxed, polite behavior.

With cats and smaller pets, each individual is different. Many Spanish Water Dogs can learn to live peacefully with a resident cat, especially if they grow up together and the dog is trained to respect boundaries. Their herding drive can sometimes transfer into chasing movement, so early training and careful introductions are very important. For homes with small animals such as rabbits, guinea pigs, or poultry, supervision and secure housing are essential, at least until you fully understand your dog’s instincts and reliability.

One of the defining personality traits of the Spanish Water Dog is its natural wariness of strangers. This is not a naturally outgoing, indiscriminately friendly breed like some retrievers. Instead, it tends to be reserved and observant around people it does not know, often taking a little time to warm up. With proper socialization the dog should not be fearful or aggressive, but it is likely to stay watchful and to alert you to arrivals. This makes the breed a very good natural watchdog for many families. Owners need to be prepared to guide this tendency, so it does not become excessive barking or suspicion.

Mentally, the Spanish Water Dog is bright, inquisitive, and quick to pick up patterns. This intelligence can be a blessing and a challenge. They learn new commands very quickly, but they also learn routines, habits, and how to work around your rules. If boredom sets in, a Spanish Water Dog may invent its own jobs, such as reorganizing the garden, “guarding” the front window, or herding family members in the house. They are happiest when they have a clear role, regular training sessions, and daily tasks that engage both body and mind.

Despite their strong working background, these dogs are also sensitive. Heavy handed training, shouting, or inconsistent rules can damage trust and create anxiety or stubbornness. They respond much better to calm, confident leadership, lots of positive reinforcement, and a predictable structure. When they feel understood and secure, their true nature shines through: a devoted, lively, and surprisingly cuddly companion that loves to be included in every part of family life.

Training & Exercise

Training a Spanish Water Dog can be deeply rewarding for people who enjoy actively working with their dogs. This breed thrives when it has structure, daily mental challenges, and plenty of opportunities to use its natural abilities. Because the Spanish Water Dog was developed as an all purpose farm and water worker, it carries a strong desire to cooperate with its handler and to solve problems.

In training, these dogs respond best to positive methods that involve treats, toys, praise, and clear communication. Short, focused sessions several times per day work better than long, repetitive drills. They enjoy variety and will quickly become bored if asked to repeat the same simple exercise over and over. Instead of practicing “sit” twenty times in a row, for example, you might mix in recall, hand touches, spins, stays, and short recalls between people. This keeps the dog mentally alert and engaged.

Some Spanish Water Dogs can be a little independent or stubborn, especially during adolescence, so consistency is crucial. Establish house rules early and stick to them. If you allow the dog on the sofa some days and forbid it on others, it will soon question your decisions. Use clear, simple cues and reward the behaviors you want generously. At the same time, prevent unwanted habits by managing the environment, such as using baby gates, crates, or long lines so the dog does not get into trouble while unsupervised.

Exercise needs for the Spanish Water Dog are significant. This is not a breed that will be truly content with only a short walk around the block. Most healthy adults require at least one to two hours of mixed activity each day. That does not mean just running in circles. The ideal day includes:

• One or two decent walks, with time to sniff, explore, and move at a natural pace.
• Off lead running in safe areas, where recall is solid and the dog can stretch its legs.
• Regular training games, such as searching for hidden toys, basic obedience, or trick training.
• Occasional high intensity activities, such as playing fetch, tug, or running beside a bike for fit, trained adults.

Spanish Water Dogs often adore water. Many love to swim, retrieve from water, or play at the beach or lakeside. If you live near safe water, this can be a wonderful way to meet their exercise needs while protecting joints from excessive impact. Always introduce young dogs to water gradually, in shallow, calm conditions, and never force a nervous dog to swim.

Dog sports are a perfect outlet for this breed’s energy and versatility. Common activities that suit the Spanish Water Dog include:

• Agility, where their speed, agility, and sharp mind allow them to shine.
• Obedience or rally, which channel their focus and trainability.
• Herding trials, for dogs with access to livestock.
• Search and rescue work, where their determination and nose skills are valued.
• Nosework or scent games, which can also be done at home or in the garden.

Puppies and young dogs should not be over exercised with forced running or repetitive jumping, because their joints are still developing. Instead, use free play on soft ground, short training sessions, and controlled socialization to new places. Gradually increase structured exercise as the dog matures.

A Spanish Water Dog that is mentally and physically satisfied is usually calm and relaxed at home. Without enough outlets, however, it may become destructive, vocal, or nervous. Owners who enjoy an active lifestyle, regular training, and involving their dog in everyday activities will find the Spanish Water Dog a deeply satisfying partner that seems to read their mind and is always ready for the next adventure.

Health

The Spanish Water Dog is generally considered a robust, hardy breed, shaped by generations of work in often harsh rural conditions. However, like all breeds, it has some health issues that responsible breeders and owners need to be aware of and manage carefully.

One of the most commonly discussed conditions in medium sized breeds is hip dysplasia. This is a developmental disorder where the hip joint does not form correctly, which can lead to arthritis and pain later in life. Reputable breeders typically have their breeding dogs’ hips assessed using official scoring systems. As a potential owner, you should ask to see hip scores for the parents and aim for puppies from dogs with good results. Keeping your Spanish Water Dog at a healthy weight, avoiding over exercise in puppyhood, and providing non slip surfaces in the home can also help protect joints.

Elbow dysplasia can occur as well, though it is generally less common than hip issues. Here too, breeders may screen their dogs, and owners should be alert to signs such as lameness, stiffness after rest, or reluctance to jump. Early veterinary assessment can make a big difference in long term comfort.

Eye health is another important area. The breed can be affected by hereditary cataracts and other eye conditions. Many responsible breeders will have their dogs examined by a veterinary ophthalmologist using recognized eye test schemes. When speaking with a breeder, ask about recent eye test certificates and whether any known eye problems have appeared in their lines.

Some lines of Spanish Water Dog may have a predisposition to thyroid problems or autoimmune issues, although this is not universal. Regular wellness checks with your veterinarian, along with attention to unexplained weight changes, coat quality, or changes in energy levels, can help catch potential problems early.

Because of the breed’s woolly, often corded coat, skin and ear health deserve special attention. Moisture trapped in curls or between cords can occasionally lead to skin irritation or infections, especially in warm, humid climates. Similarly, the hanging ears and hair around the ear canal can create a warm environment for yeast or bacteria. Good coat management, regular checks, and gentle drying after swimming reduce these risks. If you notice redness, bad smells, or your dog scratching and shaking its head, consult your vet promptly.

Responsible breeding programs often include genetic testing for certain conditions that may be present in the breed population. When you speak to breeders, you can ask which health tests they carry out and why. Common recommendations for breeding dogs in this type of breed often include:

• Hip and elbow evaluations through official schemes.
• Eye examinations by a certified ophthalmologist.
• DNA tests for any breed relevant genetic conditions, if available and recommended in your region.

The average lifespan of a Spanish Water Dog typically lies around 12 to 14 years, and many remain active and lively well into their senior years. To support a long, healthy life, provide:

• A balanced, high quality diet appropriate for age, size, and activity level.
• Regular exercise that maintains muscle tone without overstraining joints.
• Routine veterinary checkups, vaccinations, and parasite control.
• Dental care, whether through teeth brushing, dental chews, or professional cleaning as advised by your vet.

Weight control is crucial. Extra kilos place unnecessary stress on joints and can shorten your dog’s lifespan. Because Spanish Water Dogs often love food and can be very clever about begging or stealing snacks, it is worth measuring meals, monitoring body condition, and adjusting portions as needed.

Overall, the Spanish Water Dog can be a healthy, long lived companion when bred carefully and cared for thoughtfully. By choosing a responsible breeder, committing to preventive healthcare, and staying tuned in to your dog’s physical comfort, you give your Perro de Agua Español the best chance to thrive from puppyhood to old age.

History & Origins

The history of the Spanish Water Dog is deeply tied to the rural and coastal life of Spain. For centuries, this versatile, curly coated dog worked quietly alongside shepherds, farmers, and fishermen, often in remote areas where formal records were rarely kept. As a result, some details of the breed’s earliest origins are wrapped in a mixture of tradition and educated guesswork, but certain themes are consistent.

Most historians agree that the ancestors of the Spanish Water Dog arrived on the Iberian Peninsula many centuries ago, possibly brought by traders or shepherds moving flocks between regions. The breed shares characteristics with other European water dogs and herding dogs, which suggests a history of crossing and selection based on working ability rather than appearance alone. Over time, local farmers and shepherds in various parts of Spain, particularly in Andalusia and other southern regions, shaped the dog into the type we know today.

The name “Perro de Agua Español” reflects one of the breed’s key working roles: as a water dog assisting fishermen and working in wetlands. These dogs helped retrieve nets, fetched objects from the water, and were used to carry messages or small items between boats and shore. At the same time, they were used inland as herding dogs, driving sheep, goats, and sometimes cattle over difficult terrain. This dual purpose role demanded a dog that was intelligent, hardy, and comfortable in both dry and wet environments.

Because they were selected primarily for utility rather than show, early Spanish Water Dogs could vary somewhat in appearance. What mattered most was their ability to work all day, respond quickly to the shepherd or fisher’s signals, and cope with the climate and geographical challenges of their home region. Their woolly, tightly curled coat was valued because it protected them from cold water, sun, and thorns, as well as making care somewhat easier for working people who might not have time for elaborate grooming.

Recognition of the Spanish Water Dog as a distinct breed developed more formally in the twentieth century, as dog shows and kennel clubs took a growing interest in native breeds. Breed enthusiasts in Spain worked to gather typical examples, define a standard, and preserve not only the appearance but also the working instincts that make the Perro de Agua Español so special. Over time, the breed gained official recognition at national level, and later internationally as a member of the water dog family and herding group, depending on the country’s classification system.

From its Spanish homeland, the breed began to attract attention in other parts of Europe and eventually around the world. People were drawn to its unique combination of rustic appearance, curly coat, and lively, loyal temperament. Small numbers were imported into various countries, where dedicated breeders aimed to preserve the breed’s character and health while introducing it to a wider audience.

Today, the Spanish Water Dog still works in traditional roles in some parts of Spain, herding flocks and assisting in rural tasks. At the same time, it has become increasingly popular as a companion dog, as well as a competitor in a wide range of dog sports such as agility, obedience, water trials, and search work. Its adaptability remains one of its defining features. Whether it lives in a farmhouse or a modern city apartment, the underlying traits are the same: intelligence, energy, loyalty, and a strong desire to have a job to do.

Modern breeders and enthusiasts place great emphasis on preserving the breed’s working ability, natural rustic appearance, and sound temperament. For many, the Spanish Water Dog is not simply a pretty curly coated pet, but a living piece of Spanish rural heritage, carrying forward the spirit of the multi purpose farm and fishing dog into the twenty first century.

Living with the Breed

Living with a Spanish Water Dog is a long term commitment that suits active, engaged owners who enjoy investing time in training and daily interaction. This is not a breed that is content to be a background pet. It wants to be in the middle of family life, learning new things, and sharing all your activities.

In everyday life, expect your Spanish Water Dog to follow you around the house, “help” with chores, and keep a close eye on what everyone is doing. Many owners appreciate this constant companionship, but it can be a surprise for people who prefer a more independent dog. Separation training is important from puppyhood. These dogs can be prone to anxiety if they are never taught to be alone for short periods. Gradual introductions to being in a crate or safe room, combined with calm departures and returns, help build confidence.

Grooming and coat management are a key part of living with this breed. You will need to decide on a practical coat style that matches your lifestyle. Some owners keep the coat fairly short through regular clipping, which makes cleaning and drying easier, especially in muddy or wet climates. Others choose to allow the coat to grow longer and develop cords. Either way, a full coat check every week is wise, looking for tangles, debris, or skin issues. Arrange regular grooming appointments if you are not comfortable clipping at home, and factor this cost into your yearly budget.

Financially, annual costs for a Spanish Water Dog will include:

• Quality food suitable for a medium, active dog.
• Routine veterinary care, vaccinations, and parasite control.
• Grooming costs or equipment if you groom at home, including clippers, scissors, dog shampoo, and towels.
• Training classes, dog sports fees, or behavior consultations if needed.
• Insurance, which many owners choose to help cover unexpected veterinary bills.

Exact amounts vary by country and lifestyle, but it is sensible to budget for several hundred to over a thousand in your local currency per year, not counting any major emergencies.

Your home environment also matters. A Spanish Water Dog can adapt to apartment life if it receives enough outdoor exercise and mental stimulation every day. However, access to a secure garden or yard makes life easier, especially for toilet training and play. Fencing should be secure and high enough, because a fit, agile dog may jump or squeeze through surprising gaps if it spots something interesting.

Useful equipment for living with a Spanish Water Dog includes:

• A comfortable, well fitting harness and a sturdy lead for walks.
• A crate or indoor pen, used as a safe resting place rather than punishment.
• Interactive toys, puzzle feeders, and chew items to keep the dog occupied.
• Long lines for safe training of recall in open areas.
• Towels, absorbent mats, and possibly a dog drying coat if your dog swims frequently.

Because the breed is intelligent and easily bored, “mental furniture” is as important as physical supplies. Plan regular training sessions, scent games, and new experiences. You might hide treats around the house, set up simple obstacle courses in the garden, or practice obedience in different locations. These activities help prevent the dog from inventing its own entertainment, which might involve barking at passers by, digging in flower beds, or rearranging your laundry.

Socialization during the first year is vital. Introduce your puppy to friendly people of different ages, calm and well behaved dogs, various sounds, surfaces, and locations, all in a positive, controlled way. Because the Spanish Water Dog can be reserved with strangers, good early socialization helps ensure an adult dog that is confident and polite rather than fearful or overly suspicious.

Families considering this breed should also think about time. A Spanish Water Dog does best when it has daily company, not when left alone for many hours. If you work long hours away from home, you will need to arrange dog walkers, daycare, or a trusted friend or relative who can give the dog attention and exercise.

In return for this commitment, the Spanish Water Dog offers an enormous amount. You gain an enthusiastic training partner, a watchful guardian of home and family, and a warm, engaging companion that seems to share your life rather than simply live alongside you. For the right person or family, the Perro de Agua Español becomes not just a dog, but a loyal and irreplaceable friend whose vitality and spirit brighten every day.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

What was the original purpose of the Spanish Water Dog and how does that affect its behavior today?

This breed was developed as an all-purpose farm, herding, and water dog, working with livestock and assisting fishermen. That background means modern dogs are often energetic, highly intelligent, and naturally inclined to herd or control movement. They usually bond closely with their family and like having a clear job or regular activities that engage both mind and body.

How much exercise does a Spanish Water Dog really need each day?

This is a high-energy working breed that typically needs at least 60 to 90 minutes of physical activity every day, plus structured mental work. Off-leash running in safe areas, swimming, herding, agility, and scent games are ideal. Without enough exercise and mental outlets, they can become restless, vocal, or prone to unwanted behaviors.

Is the Spanish Water Dog a good family pet for homes with children?

They can be very loyal and affectionate with their own family, including respectful children, especially if raised with them. Their herding background can lead to circling or nudging behavior, so supervision and teaching children how to interact appropriately is important. They often do best in active households that can provide structure, training, and daily outlets for energy.

How do you properly care for the Spanish Water Dog’s curly coat and cords?

The coat is not brushed; it is allowed to form natural cords as the dog matures. Most owners keep the coat trimmed short once or twice a year, and keep cords clean and separated with hand work rather than combs. Regular bathing with thorough drying is important, since damp, compacted cords can trap dirt and odor if neglected.

Are Spanish Water Dogs hypoallergenic and do they shed?

The coat sheds very little compared to many breeds, and loose hair tends to stay in the curls or cords instead of on furniture. Some allergy sufferers find them more tolerable, but no breed is truly hypoallergenic and reactions vary by person. Meeting individual dogs and keeping the coat clean and well maintained is important for allergy-prone families.

What kind of temperament is typical for a Spanish Water Dog with strangers and other dogs?

They are often reserved or cautious with strangers rather than overtly friendly, and many show a strong sense of territory and family protection. With other dogs they can be confident and sometimes intense, so early socialization and careful introductions are important. Consistent training and controlled exposure help prevent wariness from turning into reactivity.

What health problems are most common in Spanish Water Dogs?

Breed-specific concerns can include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy, and some eye and thyroid issues. Responsible breeders screen breeding dogs for joints, eyes, and relevant genetic conditions. Regular veterinary care, maintaining a lean body weight, and appropriate exercise are important for long-term soundness.

Is a Spanish Water Dog suitable for apartment or city living?

They can live in an apartment or urban home if their substantial exercise and mental stimulation needs are reliably met every day. This usually means multiple structured walks, training sessions, and active play or dog sports, not just quick bathroom breaks. Without this level of commitment, they are more likely to become bored, noisy, or destructive in a small space.

How trainable are Spanish Water Dogs and are they suitable for first-time owners?

They are highly intelligent, quick to learn, and often very responsive to consistent, reward-based training. At the same time, they can be independent, sensitive, and strong willed, which may challenge inexperienced owners. A first-time owner who is prepared to invest in training classes, structure, and daily engagement can succeed, but casual or inconsistent homes may struggle.

Do Spanish Water Dogs like swimming and what water activities are safe for them?

Most individuals enjoy water, reflecting their history as helpers to fishermen and coastal workers, but enthusiasm can vary by dog. Swimming, retrieving from water, and low-impact water sports are usually excellent outlets, provided you introduce them gradually and supervise closely. Rinsing and drying the coat after swimming helps prevent skin issues and keeps cords in better condition.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
• Verein für Deutsche Wachtelhunde e.V. (Germany)
• Société Centrale Canine (France)