Shih Tzu

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Ancient companion breed from Tibetan and Chinese palaces, developed to live closely with people and share their daily lives
• Small and sturdy, usually 4.5 to 8 kilograms, with a characteristic flowing coat and charming chrysanthemum-shaped face
• Typically affectionate, cheerful, and confident, known for getting along well with children and other pets when properly socialised
• Moderate exercise needs, but high grooming requirements, especially in full show coat or longer pet trims
• Intelligent yet sometimes stubborn, so positive, patient training works far better than harsh methods

Appearance & Coat

The Shih Tzu is a small, sturdy companion dog with a surprisingly solid feel when you lift one up. This is not a fragile toy breed, but a compact little dog with good bone and a broad, level back. Adults generally stand around 20 to 28 centimetres at the shoulder and weigh between 4.5 and 8 kilograms. The body is slightly longer than the height at the withers, which gives the Shih Tzu a balanced, rectangular outline rather than a square one.

One of the most distinctive features of the Shih Tzu is the head. It should appear broad and round with a short, square muzzle and a well-defined stop. The eyes are large, dark, and round, set well apart to give a gentle and warm expression. The ears are heavily feathered and set slightly below the crown of the skull, blending into the long coat. When the hair on the head is left long and tied up, it forms the classic “topknot” that many people associate with the breed. The face is often described as chrysanthemum-like because the hair grows in all directions from the center of the face.

The tail is set high and carried in a cheerful curl over the back, well feathered and flowing as the dog moves. A Shih Tzu in motion should appear lively and effortless, with a good reach and drive for such a small dog.

The coat is one of the breed’s trademarks. It is long, dense, and luxurious, with a level of undercoat that gives body but should not be woolly. In many family homes, the coat is kept in a shorter “pet trim” for easier maintenance, but even a shorter coat needs regular brushing. All colours are allowed in the Shih Tzu. You may see:

• Gold with white markings
• Black and white
• Brindle shades
• Solid black, gold, or liver
• Blue or liver shades with lighter pigment

Many Shih Tzu have a white blaze on the forehead and a white tip on the tail, which breeders often value, but it is not essential for a lovely companion.

Coat care is a serious consideration for anyone thinking about this breed. A full-length show coat requires daily attention. You will need a good quality pin brush, a metal comb, and possibly a detangling spray. The hair between the paw pads must be trimmed regularly, and the area around the eyes needs gentle cleaning to avoid irritation and staining. If you prefer a lower maintenance option, a professional groomer can give your Shih Tzu a puppy trim or teddy bear cut every 6 to 8 weeks. Even in a short trim, plan on brushing at least a few times each week to keep the coat free from knots.

Because of the hair around the face, many owners tie the top hair into a small ponytail or use gentle clips to keep it out of the eyes. This is not just for looks. It helps prevent eye irritation and allows the dog to see clearly. Regular bathing, perhaps every 3 to 4 weeks, keeps the coat clean and soft, but always use a mild dog shampoo and conditioner to protect the skin.

A well-groomed Shih Tzu is a joy to look at and to touch, with a silky, flowing coat and sparkling expression. Future owners should understand that this beautiful appearance takes time and commitment, but with a solid routine, coat care can become a pleasant bonding activity.

Temperament & Personality

The Shih Tzu is a classic companion dog in both history and temperament. These little dogs were bred to live in close contact with people, and it shows. They typically adore human company and often choose a favorite person, while still being friendly with the entire family. Many owners describe their Shih Tzu as a cheerful shadow who follows them from room to room and settles wherever the family is gathered.

In daily life, a well-bred and well-socialised Shih Tzu is usually outgoing, confident, and affectionate. They are often playful without being hyperactive, which makes them a good choice for many different homes, from city apartments to country houses. When raised with children who are taught to be gentle and respectful, Shih Tzu often become devoted playmates. They usually enjoy gentle games, fetching soft toys, and snuggling on the sofa. Because of their small size, close supervision with very young children is essential, so the dog is not accidentally dropped, squeezed, or stepped on.

With other dogs, the Shih Tzu’s temperament is often friendly and confident. Many enjoy the company of a second dog, especially another small or medium companion breed. Good early socialisation helps prevent shyness or overbold behaviour. With cats and other pets, Shih Tzu can do very well, particularly if introduced gradually and positively. Their moderate prey drive means that many live peacefully with cats, although every individual is different.

Despite their sweet, cuddly looks, Shih Tzu can have a determined streak. They may not always see the point of strict obedience and can be a bit stubborn, especially when asked to do something they do not enjoy. Instead of reacting with force or frustration, it is more effective to use patience, humour, and rewards to keep them motivated. Many Shih Tzu are quite clever and can learn tricks quickly if they find the process fun.

Shih Tzu are often attentive watchdogs. They may bark to alert you when someone comes to the door or passes by the window. While this makes them good little alarm systems, some individuals can become a bit too vocal. Consistent training from puppyhood can keep barking under control, for example by teaching a “quiet” cue or managing the dog’s view of busy streets.

Common challenges with the breed often relate to grooming and house training. Some Shih Tzu take a little longer to become fully clean indoors, especially in cold or rainy climates where they dislike going outside. A regular schedule, positive reinforcement, and patience help a great deal. Another challenge can be separation anxiety, since many Shih Tzu become very attached to their people. Teaching the dog to feel comfortable alone for short periods from a young age is important.

At their best, Shih Tzu embody a wonderful mix of charm, affection, and humour. They are often described as “little people in dog suits” because of their expressive faces and strong personalities. For families who want a loving, relatively calm companion who enjoys both playtime and cuddles, the Shih Tzu can be a very rewarding choice.

Training & Exercise

Even though the Shih Tzu was bred primarily as a companion and not as a working dog, training is still important. It helps the dog become a pleasant family member and builds a strong bond between you. Training a Shih Tzu is less about drilling commands and more about communication, consistency, and making the process enjoyable.

Shih Tzu respond very well to positive reinforcement. They usually appreciate treats, gentle praise, and short play sessions as rewards. Harsh methods, shouting, or physical corrections tend to shut them down or make them stubborn. Because many Shih Tzu have a playful and sometimes clownish nature, turning training into a game keeps them engaged. For example, you can practice “sit” and “down” using tiny pieces of food while the dog is on your lap or next to you on a rug, then end with a short game of tug with a soft toy.

House training is a key focus, especially in the first months. Due to their small size and somewhat sensitive nature, it can take longer than with some larger breeds. A few helpful strategies include:

• Take the puppy out very frequently, especially after eating, drinking, sleeping, or playing
• Use a consistent toilet area and a cue word, such as “toilet”
• Reward immediately after the puppy finishes outdoors
• Supervise indoors and use a crate or puppy pen when you cannot watch closely

Many Shih Tzu do well with indoor toilet options, such as puppy pads or a small indoor dog toilet, particularly in high-rise apartments or in extreme weather. Still, regular outdoor trips are important for socialisation and exercise.

In terms of exercise needs, Shih Tzu are moderate. They are not marathon runners, but they are not couch ornaments either. Most adult Shih Tzu enjoy two or three short walks per day, adding up to around 30 to 60 minutes of walking. This can be complemented with indoor play, such as fetching a soft ball down a hallway or searching for hidden treats. They are usually happy to adapt to their owner’s lifestyle, as long as they have some daily activity and mental stimulation.

Because of their short muzzle, Shih Tzu can be sensitive to heat and may not tolerate intense exercise, especially in warm or humid weather. It is wise to walk them in the cooler parts of the day and provide plenty of fresh water and shade. Avoid forcing a Shih Tzu to run beside a bicycle or jog for long distances, since this can lead to overheating or breathing difficulty.

Mentally, Shih Tzu enjoy variety. Short training sessions of a few minutes, repeated several times throughout the day, suit them better than long, formal classes. Many enjoy:

• Learning tricks, such as spin, paw, or roll over
• Nosework games, like finding a hidden treat or toy
• Gentle agility activities using low obstacles or tunnels

Some Shih Tzu also take part in dog dancing, rally obedience, or therapy dog visits, where their loving nature can really shine. These activities do not require advanced athletic ability, but they do provide valuable mental engagement and social contact.

Socialisation is another vital aspect of training. From puppyhood, expose your Shih Tzu calmly and positively to different people, dogs, surfaces, and everyday noises. Short car trips, visits to friends, and gentle handling exercises help create a confident dog who can cope with daily life. A well-socialised Shih Tzu is usually far less likely to react with fear or aggression in new situations.

Overall, training and exercise for the Shih Tzu are about balance. They need enough activity to stay fit and mentally stimulated, but not so much that they become exhausted or stressed. With patient, reward-based training and sensible daily walks, a Shih Tzu can be a well-mannered, delightful companion.

Health

Shih Tzu are generally robust little dogs, but like all breeds they have certain health issues that potential owners should be aware of. The combination of a short muzzle, large eyes, and compact build can create specific risks, especially if breeding is not carefully managed. Responsible breeders select for both good health and the correct breed type, which helps reduce many of these problems.

One area of concern in the Shih Tzu is breathing. As a brachycephalic breed, some may suffer from brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. This can lead to noisy breathing, snoring, exercise intolerance, or difficulty coping with heat. A well-bred Shih Tzu should still be able to breathe comfortably, walk normally, and enjoy moderate activities. When choosing a puppy, look for nostrils that are open rather than pinched, and a breeder who prioritises sound breathing. Avoid allowing a Shih Tzu to become overweight, since extra weight places more strain on the respiratory system.

Eye health is another important aspect. Because Shih Tzu have large, prominent eyes, they are more prone to injuries, ulcers, and infections. A windy day, sharp vegetation, or even rough play can scratch the eye surface. Regularly check your dog’s eyes for redness, cloudiness, or discharge, and seek veterinary help quickly if you suspect a problem. Shih Tzu may also be affected by inherited eye conditions such as cataracts or progressive retinal atrophy in some lines. Ethical breeders usually test their breeding dogs with appropriate eye examinations.

Bones and joints deserve attention as well. Small breeds, including Shih Tzu, can have patellar luxation, where the kneecap slips out of place. This may show as occasional hopping on three legs or a skipping gait. Mild cases may not cause major trouble, but more serious cases sometimes need surgery. In some countries, responsible breeders screen for this condition before breeding.

Dental health can be an issue due to the short muzzle and crowded teeth. Regular dental care is essential. Many Shih Tzu benefit from:

• Daily or near-daily tooth brushing with a dog-safe toothpaste
• Chew toys or dental chews that help reduce plaque
• Professional dental cleaning by a veterinarian when necessary

Skin and ear problems can also occur, especially if the coat is not properly maintained or if the dog has allergies. Long hair around the ears and under the tail can trap moisture and dirt. Keeping these areas clean and well trimmed helps prevent infections. Some Shih Tzu may develop food or environmental allergies, which show as itching, ear infections, or recurrent skin problems. Working with a vet to identify and manage triggers can improve the dog’s quality of life.

Other health screening that may be relevant includes checks for kidney or liver issues in some lines, and heart examinations for older dogs. Lifespan for a Shih Tzu is often around 12 to 16 years, with many living happily into their teens. Good breeding, balanced nutrition, appropriate veterinary care, and sensible weight management all play important roles in achieving a long and healthy life.

When looking for a puppy, ask breeders about health tests they perform and the average lifespan of their dogs. A responsible breeder will be open about any issues that have appeared in their lines and will be keen to discuss how they manage health. For adult dogs, scheduling regular veterinary checkups, keeping vaccinations and parasite control up to date, and monitoring any changes in behaviour or appetite are simple steps that can catch problems early.

With proper care and informed choices, many Shih Tzu enjoy active, affectionate lives and remain playful and charming well into old age.

History & Origins

The Shih Tzu has one of the most romantic histories in the dog world, closely tied to the traditions of Tibet and China. While exact details are sometimes lost in legend, the general story paints a picture of a cherished palace companion that lived alongside royalty and monks for centuries.

The roots of the Shih Tzu are thought to trace back to Tibetan temple dogs, possibly related to breeds like the Lhasa Apso. These small, lion-like dogs were often given as gifts from Tibetan monasteries to Chinese emperors. In China, especially under the Ming and Qing dynasties, these little dogs were further developed and refined in the imperial palaces. There, they were bred to be charming, affectionate companions who shared the daily life of the court.

The name “Shih Tzu” translates roughly to “lion dog,” reflecting the importance of the lion symbol in Buddhist art and mythology. The breed’s flowing coat and proud, slightly arrogant expression were seen as reminiscent of stylised lion statues that guarded temples and palaces. Shih Tzu were valued not for any working ability, but for their beauty, companionship, and presence. They lived rich lives, often tended by palace staff and even having their own servants.

For many years, these dogs were closely guarded and rarely seen outside the imperial household. It was only in the early 20th century that Shih Tzu began to appear in the wider world. After political changes in China and the fall of the imperial system, some of these treasured palace dogs found their way to Europe. In the 1930s, small numbers reached countries such as the United Kingdom and Scandinavia, where dedicated breeders worked to stabilise and preserve the breed.

During this period, there was some confusion and debate about the differences between Shih Tzu and similar breeds like the Lhasa Apso. Over time, distinct breed standards were created, and the Shih Tzu gained official recognition from kennel clubs. Post-war, the breed grew steadily in popularity as more people discovered their loving nature and manageable size.

Today, the Shih Tzu has spread across the globe. While no longer exclusive to palaces, they have kept their proud, regal presence. They are primarily kept as family companions, therapy dogs, and show dogs. In the show ring, the Shih Tzu is admired for its beautiful, flowing coat, proud movement, and characteristic head and expression. In everyday homes, they are beloved as affectionate, entertaining pets who fit comfortably into modern lifestyles.

Although their role has changed from royal companion to family pet, the essential character of the Shih Tzu remains much the same. They are still happiest when close to their people, sharing ordinary moments that, to them, are as important as life in any palace. Their history as treasured lap dogs explains much of their temperament today. They were bred for companionship, and they continue to excel at that role in homes all around the world.

Living with the Breed

Living with a Shih Tzu is often described as sharing your life with a small, furry friend who thinks it is part of the family in every way. Before bringing one home, it is important to understand what daily life with this breed truly involves. While they are relatively easy-going in some areas, they do require a real commitment, especially when it comes to grooming and attention.

One of the biggest advantages of the Shih Tzu is how well they adapt to different living situations. They can thrive in a city apartment, a suburban house, or a rural home, as long as their social and exercise needs are met. They do not require a large garden, but they do need safe spaces to walk and explore. Because of their small size and sensitivity to heat, they often prefer shorter, more frequent walks rather than long hikes.

Grooming is the daily reality that potential owners must consider carefully. Depending on coat length and texture, you should expect to spend at least a few minutes each day brushing your Shih Tzu and checking for tangles. If you prefer a longer coat, grooming time will increase. Many families choose to use a professional groomer every 6 to 8 weeks. This can become one of the main recurring costs of owning the breed. Budgeting for grooming is wise, as skipping appointments or regular brushing can quickly lead to matted, uncomfortable coats that may need to be shaved short.

Other routine costs include quality dog food, veterinary care, vaccinations, parasite control, pet insurance, and basic equipment. Annual expenses vary between countries and lifestyles, but it is reasonable to expect an ongoing cost for:

• Grooming (home supplies and/or professional sessions)
• Food suitable for a small breed, possibly in a sensitive or dental formula
• Regular vet checkups and dental care
• Occasional training classes, toys, and accessories

In terms of equipment, the following items are especially useful for Shih Tzu owners:

• A comfortable harness and lightweight lead, as many Shih Tzu are better walked on a harness than a collar to avoid pressure on the neck
• High quality brushes and combs, suitable for long or medium coats
• Non-slip food and water bowls, ideally slightly raised to make eating more comfortable
• Soft bedding in quiet spots, since many Shih Tzu enjoy napping in secure, cozy corners
• Gentle dog shampoo and conditioner, and eye-cleaning wipes

Shih Tzu are very people-oriented. They usually do not enjoy being left alone for long hours every day. If you work full time, it helps to arrange for a dog walker, doggy day care, or a friend who can visit at midday. Without enough company, some Shih Tzu can become anxious or bark excessively. On the other hand, they are often very content to relax at your feet while you work from home or watch television in the evening.

New owners should also consider the time needed for training and socialisation. Puppy classes, meet-ups with friendly dogs, and calm exposure to different environments all help build a balanced adult dog. While Shih Tzu do not need intense mental challenges, they do enjoy learning a few tricks and having small “jobs,” such as greeting visitors politely or performing a trick for treats when the family gathers.

With children and visitors, a Shih Tzu’s small size means that teaching everyone how to handle the dog is important. Simple household rules such as “do not pick up the dog without an adult,” “no pulling on fur or ears,” and “let the dog rest when it is sleeping in its bed” protect both the dog and the children. Many Shih Tzu are naturally sociable and enjoy meeting guests, but they should always have the option to retreat to a quiet space if they feel overwhelmed.

Overall, living with a Shih Tzu is a joyful experience for those who want a loving, interactive companion. The breed fits well with people who:

• Enjoy daily grooming or are happy to budget for regular professional care
• Want a dog that can share the sofa and be involved in family life
• Prefer moderate exercise and play to very high energy activities
• Are prepared to invest time in patient training and socialisation

For the right home, the Shih Tzu offers constant affection, gentle humour, and a presence that can make even an ordinary day feel a bit more special. With good care and understanding, these little “lion dogs” can become loyal, delightful companions for many years.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

Are Shih Tzus good family dogs and how do they behave around children?

They are typically affectionate, people-focused companion dogs that enjoy being close to their family. Most do well with gentle children, especially if raised with them, but their small size makes them vulnerable to rough handling. Supervision and teaching kids to be calm and respectful are important to prevent accidental injury and anxiety.

How much grooming does a Shih Tzu really need and can the coat be kept short?

The long, flowing coat tangles easily and needs daily brushing plus regular bathing to stay comfortable and healthy. Many pet owners choose a shorter “puppy cut” that still requires routine brushing and trims every 6 to 8 weeks but is far easier to manage. Even with a short cut, the face, eyes and ears need frequent cleaning.

What health problems are Shih Tzus prone to, especially with their flat faces?

The shortened muzzle can lead to breathing issues, snoring and heat intolerance, especially in hot or humid weather. They are also predisposed to eye injuries and infections, dental crowding, ear infections and certain orthopedic and back problems. Choosing a breeder who screens for eye, respiratory and orthopedic issues and keeping a healthy weight can reduce some risks.

How much exercise does a Shih Tzu need each day?

They have moderate energy and usually do well with a couple of short walks plus some indoor play. They are not endurance dogs and should not be pushed to run long distances or exercise in heat because of their airway structure. Mental enrichment, such as training games and puzzle toys, is as important as physical activity.

Are Shih Tzus hard to house train compared to other small breeds?

They can be slower to house train than some breeds, partly due to small bladders and a tendency to be a bit stubborn. Consistent schedules, frequent outdoor trips, close supervision and positive reinforcement are crucial. Many owners find that using a crate and limiting unsupervised access indoors speeds up progress.

Do Shih Tzus shed and are they hypoallergenic?

The coat sheds very little compared to typical double-coated dogs, and much of the loose hair gets trapped in the long coat until brushed out. Some allergy sufferers tolerate them better, but no dog is truly hypoallergenic. Regular grooming, vacuuming and washing bedding can help reduce allergens in the home.

Can a Shih Tzu be left alone during the workday or do they get separation anxiety?

They are strongly attached to their people and can develop separation issues if never taught to be alone. Many can stay home for a typical workday if their needs for companionship, exercise and mental stimulation are met and alone time is introduced gradually. Dogs that show distress or destructive behavior may need training support or help from a professional.

Are Shih Tzus good apartment dogs and do they bark a lot?

Their small size and modest exercise needs make them well suited to apartment living. Some individuals are quite vocal and may bark at noises or visitors, while others are relatively quiet. Early training to respond to a “quiet” cue and sufficient daily engagement helps keep nuisance barking under control.

What special care do a Shih Tzu’s eyes and face need?

The prominent eyes are easily irritated by hair, dust and minor bumps, so the hair around the eyes should be trimmed or tied up and the corners cleaned regularly. Facial folds and the area around the nose can trap moisture and debris, so gentle daily wiping helps prevent infections and staining. Any redness, squinting or discharge should be checked by a veterinarian promptly.

Is a Shih Tzu a good choice for first-time dog owners?

They can be a good match for beginners who are prepared for regular grooming and consistent training. Their size, affectionate nature and moderate exercise needs are manageable for many households, but they do require daily coat care and careful monitoring in hot weather. Access to a good groomer and commitment to basic training often make ownership more successful.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
• Dansk Kennel Klub (Danish Kennel Club)
• Société Centrale Canine (French Kennel Club)