Rat Terrier

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Compact, athletic terrier originally bred in the United States as a multitalented farm dog and vermin hunter
• Highly intelligent, quick to learn, and happiest when given jobs, puzzles, or regular training sessions
• Lively companion that bonds closely with its family and often chooses a “favorite person” while loving the whole household
• Short, easy-care coat that sheds moderately and comes in a wide variety of flashy color patterns
• Suitable for many dog sports, including agility, rally, scent work, and trick training, but also content with active family life if properly exercised

Appearance & Coat

The Rat Terrier is a small to medium sized dog with a surprisingly sturdy and athletic build. At first glance many people notice the bright, alert eyes and the keen, almost quizzical expression that seems to ask what is happening next. This is not a fragile lap dog. The body is slightly longer than tall, with a well developed chest and strong, straight legs. Overall proportions give the impression of balance and readiness to move, turn, and sprint at a moment’s notice.

Height can vary depending on the specific variety and registry, but most Rat Terriers stand roughly between 25 and 46 centimeters at the shoulder. Weight is generally in proportion to height and bone. Healthy adults are lean and muscular rather than soft or heavy. When you run your hand along the ribs you should feel them easily under a thin layer of muscle, which is a good sign that the dog is fit and ready for the active lifestyle the breed needs.

One of the most practical features of the Rat Terrier is its short, smooth coat. The hair lies close to the body and has a firm yet glossy texture. There is usually a slightly thicker undercoat that may become more noticeable in colder climates. The breed does shed, especially seasonally, but not as dramatically as many double coated breeds with long hair. For families who like a clean house and less grooming, this coat can be a nice compromise between low maintenance and some natural protection against the weather.

Color is an attractive part of the Rat Terrier’s charm. The breed is most often seen in pied patterns, which means large areas of white combined with one or more colors. Common shades include black, chocolate, blue, red, apricot, fawn, lemon, and various tan points. Spots can be small and scattered or large and patchy. Facial markings often create a very expressive look that makes each dog appear unique. The skin and coat patterns can also change slightly as the puppy grows, which many owners find fascinating to watch.

Daily coat care is simple. A quick once over with a rubber grooming mitt or a soft bristle brush will remove loose hair and keep the coat shiny. During seasonal shedding, brushing two or three times a week can help keep hair off furniture and clothing. A damp microfiber cloth run over the coat can also pick up dust and add a nice sheen. Because the hair is short, bathing is only needed when the dog is truly dirty or has rolled in something unpleasant. Use a mild dog shampoo so you do not strip natural oils from the skin.

Pay special attention to common trouble spots. The ears should be checked regularly for dirt and wax, particularly if your Rat Terrier spends a lot of time outdoors. Wipe them gently with a dog safe ear cleaner when needed. Nails should be trimmed every few weeks, since a dog with nails that are too long can develop joint strain or discomfort when running. The short coat gives you the advantage of seeing any skin issues early, such as insect bites, scratches, or rashes, so take a moment after walks or play to scan your dog’s body with your hands and eyes.

Temperament & Personality

Living with a Rat Terrier feels a bit like living with a lively, intelligent child who is always asking questions. They are bright, quick to notice anything new in their environment, and tend to form a deep attachment to their family. Many owners describe them as “velcro dogs” because they like to be close, whether that means following you from room to room or curling up next to you on the sofa after a busy day.

This breed was developed as a working farm dog, so a strong work ethic is part of its personality. Rat Terriers are problem solvers who enjoy having a purpose. They are happiest in homes where they can participate in daily life rather than being left alone in the yard. When they have enough structure and attention, they show a wonderful combination of playfulness and focus. It is common to see a Rat Terrier zoom around the garden, then trot back with bright eyes, clearly asking “What next?”

With families, Rat Terriers are usually affectionate and devoted. They often bond particularly strongly with one person but still enjoy attention from everyone. With children they can be excellent playmates, especially if the children are gentle and respect the dog’s space. Because of their size and energy, they are generally better suited to households with slightly older children who understand how to handle a dog kindly. Rough play, ear pulling, or chasing games that corner the dog can make any breed uncomfortable, and the Rat Terrier is no exception.

Their terrier background means they can be bold and confident, sometimes more than their size would suggest. Early socialization is therefore important. Puppies should be introduced in a positive way to different people, sounds, places, and other animals. A Rat Terrier that has been thoughtfully socialized usually grows up to be friendly, outgoing, and curious rather than suspicious or overly reactive. The breed can make a good watchdog because it is alert and quick to bark when something unfamiliar appears, although persistent nuisance barking should be discouraged through calm training.

With other dogs, many Rat Terriers get along nicely if raised with them and given clear house rules. They often enjoy having a canine companion, especially one that likes to play chase or tug. However, some individuals may show the typical terrier tendency to stand their ground if challenged, which can lead to scuffles. Proper introductions in neutral spaces and supervision during early interactions are wise. Dog parks can work for well socialized adults, but owners need to watch carefully to make sure play stays friendly.

Small animals are a special case. Rat Terriers were bred to hunt vermin, so many still have a strong prey drive. While some individuals can live peacefully with cats they have grown up with, many will instinctively chase unfamiliar cats, rabbits, or other small pets. If you have small animals in the home, careful management and secure separation are important for everyone’s safety. Never assume that early friendliness as a puppy will automatically continue without supervision as the dog matures.

Common challenges with the breed tend to revolve around boredom and excess energy. A Rat Terrier with nothing to do may invent its own entertainment, which can involve digging, chewing, or barking. Separation issues can also occur if the dog is rarely taught how to spend short periods alone calmly. Providing mental stimulation, clear routines, and positive training usually prevents most of these problems. In the right home, the spirited temperament that might be troublesome in a less suitable environment becomes a wonderful asset, creating a companion who is fun, loyal, and a constant source of smiles.

Training & Exercise

The Rat Terrier is an energetic and intelligent breed that thrives on training. These dogs enjoy learning and often pick up new cues very quickly. Their sharp minds and natural curiosity can be a real gift in the training process, especially if you like teaching tricks or participating in dog sports. At the same time, that same intelligence means they can become bored or find clever ways to avoid tasks they find repetitive or dull.

Positive reinforcement is by far the most effective method for training a Rat Terrier. Use small food rewards, toys, or enthusiastic praise to mark and reinforce the behaviors you want. Harsh corrections, physical punishment, or shouting tend to damage trust and can create anxiety or resistance. A confident but kind approach works best. Many Rat Terriers respond particularly well to clicker training, where the clear sound marks the exact moment they do something right, such as sitting quickly or making eye contact.

Consistency is important. Set house rules early and stick to them. For example, if you do not want your Rat Terrier on the sofa later, avoid making exceptions “just this once” as a puppy. Provide short, frequent training sessions rather than long, drawn out lessons. Five to ten minutes several times a day is usually ideal. Puppies have short attention spans, and even adults learn best when training feels like a fun game instead of a chore.

Exercise needs are fairly high for such a small to medium sized dog. A healthy adult Rat Terrier generally needs at least one to two hours of combined physical and mental activity each day. This does not have to be a single long walk. A good daily routine could include:

• A brisk morning walk or jog of 30 to 45 minutes
• Several short play sessions throughout the day, such as fetch or tug of war
• A training session to practice obedience or tricks
• Puzzle feeders, scent games, or a stuffed chew toy for mental enrichment

If given adequate exercise, Rat Terriers can usually relax nicely in the home. Many enjoy curling up on a blanket or in a cozy bed once their energy has been used in a positive way. Without enough outlets, the same dog might pace, bark at every sound, or start turning household items into chew toys.

This breed often shines in canine sports. Agility is a natural fit, since the Rat Terrier is fast, agile, and eager to work with its handler. Many also enjoy rally obedience, disc games, flyball, and scent work. These activities not only provide exercise but also strengthen the bond between dog and owner. Even if you do not wish to compete formally, taking a weekly sport class can provide structure and socialization.

Recall training deserves special attention. Because of the breed’s hunting background and quick reactions to movement, a reliable recall can literally be a lifesaver. Begin recall training indoors with a long line, high value treats, and plenty of enthusiasm. Practice in more and more distracting environments only when your dog is doing well at easier levels. Some Rat Terriers will always be safer on a long line in areas with wildlife or traffic, which is a practical and responsible choice rather than a failure in training.

Finally, remember that mental exercise is just as important as physical activity. Interactive toys, hide and seek games, teaching names of toys, and basic obedience refreshers can tire the mind as much as a walk tires the body. A well balanced routine that combines both types of exercise will help your Rat Terrier remain calm, focused, and a joy to live with.

Health

The Rat Terrier is generally considered a robust and healthy breed, especially when bred thoughtfully with health and temperament in mind. Their moderate size, athletic build, and short coat all contribute to overall soundness. Many individuals live into their mid teens with good quality of life. Even so, like all breeds, Rat Terriers are prone to certain health issues that owners and breeders should be aware of.

One concern in the breed is patellar luxation, which is a condition where the kneecap slips out of place. This can range from mild, where the dog only occasionally shows a brief skip in the step, to more severe cases that require surgery. Responsible breeders usually have their breeding dogs evaluated by a veterinarian or orthopedic specialist to reduce the risk of passing on this problem. If you notice your Rat Terrier hopping on three legs or showing intermittent lameness, a vet check is important.

Hip issues, such as hip dysplasia, are less common than in many large breeds but can still occur. Maintaining a healthy weight and providing appropriate exercise throughout life helps reduce stress on the joints. Avoid forcing young puppies to jump off high furniture or tackle long, strenuous runs before their bones are fully developed. Controlled play on grass and shorter walks are better suited to growing joints.

Certain hereditary eye conditions have been reported in Rat Terriers. Regular eye examinations by a veterinary ophthalmologist can help identify issues early. Breeders who follow health testing guidelines often include eye exams as part of their routine screening. Buyers can ask whether the parents of a litter have clear eye certificates and for what conditions they were tested.

Other potential issues that may appear in some lines include:

• Allergies or sensitive skin, which can lead to itching, ear infections, or digestive upset
• Dental crowding or early tartar buildup, common in some small to medium breeds
• Heart conditions, which are less frequent but should still be monitored in older dogs

Routine veterinary care goes a long way in maintaining health. Schedule annual health checks and keep vaccinations, parasite prevention, and dental care up to date. Brushing your Rat Terrier’s teeth several times a week, or using dental chews approved by your veterinarian, can reduce plaque buildup and help prevent gum disease. Because their ears are often erect or semi erect, air circulates fairly well, but it is still wise to inspect them weekly for redness or unusual odor.

The average lifespan of a Rat Terrier is often around 12 to 15 years, and some live even longer. Quality of life in the senior years is strongly influenced by lifelong habits. Keeping your dog lean rather than overweight, providing regular low impact exercise in later life, and addressing any health changes early will help your Rat Terrier stay comfortable. Simple adjustments, such as adding a supportive orthopedic bed, using non slip rugs on slippery floors, and shortening walk length while keeping frequency, can make a big difference for an aging dog.

When choosing a breeder, ask what health tests are performed on their breeding dogs. Common recommended checks may include patella evaluation, hip assessment where relevant, eye examinations, and sometimes additional screenings depending on region and club guidelines. A responsible breeder will be happy to discuss these topics and explain how they work to reduce the risk of inherited issues. For rescue dogs or those from unknown backgrounds, a thorough veterinary exam soon after adoption is a good starting point.

By understanding the potential health concerns and providing proactive care, owners can greatly increase the chances that their Rat Terrier will enjoy a long, active, and happy life.

History & Origins

The Rat Terrier is one of the truly American breeds, shaped by the practical needs of farmers and rural families. Its history reaches back to the early days when settlers brought various small terrier types from Europe to help control rats and other pests. These early dogs included breeds such as the Smooth Fox Terrier and other working terriers that were valued more for ability than for pedigree.

In the United States, these imported terriers were often crossed with other energetic breeds. Small hunting hounds and feist type dogs were sometimes added to the mix. The goal was simple. Farmers wanted a quick, tough, and efficient dog that could clear barns and fields of rats, mice, and other small vermin that threatened grain stores and crops. A good ratting dog was not a luxury. It could save a family’s livelihood by protecting food supplies.

By the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a recognizably consistent type of “rat dog” had emerged on many American farms. These dogs were compact but strong, courageous in the face of aggressive vermin, and clever about finding nests in hidden corners. They did not rely on brute force alone. They used speed, agility, and quick reflexes to catch and dispatch pests. As a result, they became valued working partners and popular family members.

The breed’s name, Rat Terrier, reflects its primary job. Stories from that era tell of individual dogs clearing entire barnyards in a single day. They were often found accompanying farmers on horseback or traveling in wagons, always ready to hop down and chase any rodent or small predator that appeared. Because these dogs were easy keepers, requiring relatively little food compared to larger farm dogs, they fit well into the practical lifestyle of the time.

During the early twentieth century, Rat Terriers were also influenced in some regions by the infusion of other breeds, such as Italian Greyhounds and Whippets, which increased speed and refined the body. This helped them in their job of catching fast moving prey. Despite these varied influences, the core temperament remained the same. They were energetic, loyal, and always ready for work.

As farming practices modernized and chemical pest control became widespread, the functional need for ratting dogs decreased. However, the Rat Terrier did not disappear. Instead, it slowly transitioned into the role of companion and competitor in dog sports. Breed enthusiasts worked to preserve type and temperament, developing written standards and promoting recognition with kennel clubs. Over time, regional varieties and size ranges were refined, leading to the more consistent breed appearance we see today.

In modern times, Rat Terriers are found in homes around the world, although they remain particularly associated with their American roots. They continue to excel at tasks that require intelligence and agility, including various dog sports, scent work, and even some service or therapy roles. Their history as hardworking farm dogs still shows in their eagerness to participate and their desire to be close to their human family.

Understanding this background helps explain many of the traits seen in Rat Terriers today. Their alertness, strong prey drive, and quick learning ability all come from generations of selection for practical work. Owners who appreciate this history often find it easier to meet the breed’s needs, providing outlets that keep both mind and body satisfied.

Living with the Breed

Living with a Rat Terrier is both rewarding and lively. This is a companion that wants to be part of nearly everything you do. If you lead a fairly active lifestyle and enjoy involving your dog in daily routines, the breed can be an excellent fit. If you prefer a quiet, independent pet that mostly lounges without much involvement, a Rat Terrier may feel like too much energy.

The breed adapts surprisingly well to different living situations provided its needs are met. A house with a secure garden is ideal, since Rat Terriers enjoy exploring, chasing toys, and sunbathing. Apartment living can also work if owners commit to several walks a day and offer frequent play and training sessions. The key is not the size of the home but the amount of interaction and exercise the dog receives.

New owners should be prepared for a dog that is both affectionate and sometimes a little mischievous. A bored Rat Terrier may start rearranging items, investigating open cupboards, or finding ways to slip through tiny gaps in fencing. A secure outdoor space with fencing sunk into the ground, if possible, is advisable for those with gardens. These dogs can be expert diggers and are surprisingly good at squeezing through small holes when on the trail of an interesting scent.

Basic equipment that makes life with this breed easier includes:

• A sturdy, well fitted harness and leash for daily walks
• A comfortable, washable bed or crate that serves as a safe resting space
• Durable chew toys and interactive puzzle feeders to prevent boredom
• A variety of small training treats for ongoing education and reinforcement

Crate training is often very helpful. When introduced correctly with positive associations, a crate becomes a den like security zone rather than a cage. It can assist with house training, keep a curious young dog safe when unsupervised, and provide a peaceful retreat for rest.

From a financial perspective, Rat Terriers usually fall into the moderate cost range. They are not particularly large, so food expenses are reasonable, especially if you choose a high quality diet appropriate for size and activity level. Annual costs typically include:

• Routine veterinary care, vaccinations, and checkups
• Flea, tick, and worm prevention
• Food and treats
• Replacement toys, harnesses, and bedding
• Occasional training classes or sport activities

Unexpected veterinary costs can arise with any dog, so setting aside an emergency fund or considering pet insurance is wise. Dental care, minor injuries, or diagnostic tests in later life can add up, and planning ahead reduces stress when such needs appear.

Time investment is perhaps the most important consideration. A Rat Terrier is not a dog that thrives on being left alone for long stretches every day. If your schedule involves many hours away from home, think about options like a reputable dog walker, doggy day care, or arranging for a family member to provide midday breaks. Puppies, in particular, require frequent outings for house training, early socialization, and gentle exposure to the world.

In return for this commitment, owners are rewarded with a loyal and entertaining companion. Many Rat Terriers become expert cuddlers once their energy has been used in a positive way. They often choose a favorite spot on the sofa or bed and are happiest when they can rest near their humans. Their expressive faces and lively reactions make them very engaging to live with. They tend to keep a home feeling cheerful and active, and their alert nature can offer a sense of extra security as an early alarm system.

For people who enjoy teaching tricks, going on hikes, joining agility classes, or simply playing long games of fetch in the park, the Rat Terrier can be an ideal partner. With proper training, socialization, and care, this breed fits comfortably into a wide range of households, from busy families with older children to single owners who want a spirited and devoted friend. The essential ingredients are time, consistency, and a willingness to share your life actively with a dog who truly wants to be part of your team.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the typical temperament of a Rat Terrier in a family home?

They are usually lively, affectionate and people oriented, often bonding very closely with their primary caregiver. Many are playful and good with respectful children, but their strong prey drive and alertness can make them intense around fast movement or unfamiliar animals. Early socialization helps keep their energy and watchdog instincts well balanced in a family setting.

How much exercise does a Rat Terrier really need each day?

Despite their small size, they are a high energy working terrier that generally needs at least 60 to 90 minutes of mixed physical and mental activity daily. Short but brisk walks alone are not enough for most individuals. Games of fetch, scent games, agility, or safe off leash running help prevent restlessness and destructive behavior.

Are Rat Terriers good apartment dogs, or do they need a yard?

They can do well in an apartment if their exercise and mental stimulation needs are consistently met. A yard is helpful but not essential, as long as they get several structured outings and active play sessions every day. Because they are alert and vocal, sound sensitive neighbors may notice barking if training and enrichment are neglected.

How strong is a Rat Terrier’s prey drive and can they live with cats or small pets?

Most have a pronounced prey drive due to their history as farm ratters, so chasing small, fast moving animals comes naturally. Some individuals can live peacefully with cats or other resident pets if raised together and managed carefully. Even so, they should always be supervised around small pets like rodents or rabbits, and recall training is critical outdoors.

What health problems are Rat Terriers prone to?

Overall they are considered a relatively healthy breed, but they can be at increased risk for patellar luxation, hip issues, Legg Calvé Perthes disease and certain allergies. Some lines may carry genetic risks for cardiac problems or eye diseases. Responsible breeders screen for these conditions and prospective owners should ask about health testing and the longevity of close relatives.

How easy is it to train a Rat Terrier, and do they suit first time dog owners?

They are intelligent, quick learners and often very food or toy motivated, which makes them responsive to consistent positive training. At the same time they can be independent, easily distracted by movement and scent, and may test boundaries, especially in adolescence. A committed first time owner who enjoys training and can provide structure usually does well, but they are not ideal for someone seeking a low effort companion.

Do Rat Terriers bark a lot and can this be managed?

They are naturally alert watchdogs and will often bark at noises, visitors and wildlife. Without training and enough activity, this can turn into frequent nuisance barking. Teaching a reliable “quiet” cue, rewarding calm behavior, and providing mental enrichment typically reduces excessive vocalizing.

What kind of grooming does a Rat Terrier need and do they shed much?

They have a short, dense coat that is low maintenance but not low shed. Weekly brushing and occasional baths are usually enough to keep the coat clean and reduce loose hair, though they may shed more seasonally. Regular nail trimming, ear checks and dental care are still essential even though their coat is simple.

Are Rat Terriers good with children and active households?

Many thrive in active homes and enjoy being involved in family activities, especially if they are well socialized from a young age. Their small but sturdy build usually tolerates energetic play, but children must learn to handle them gently and respect their space. Supervision is important, since a stressed or overexcited dog can nip or jump.

How long do Rat Terriers live, and what can owners do to support a long lifespan?

They often enjoy a relatively long lifespan, commonly reaching 13 to 16 years when well bred and well cared for. Keeping them at a lean weight, providing daily exercise and mental challenges, and maintaining regular veterinary checkups all support healthy aging. Early detection of joint, dental or cardiac issues helps preserve quality of life into their senior years.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)