Border Terrier

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• The Border Terrier was originally bred along the border between England and Scotland to keep up with horses and hunt foxes underground.
• This is a small, wiry, and tough terrier that fits well into many lifestyles, from active families to older owners who enjoy daily walks.
• Border Terriers are known for their affectionate nature and often form very strong bonds with their people, sometimes choosing a favorite person.
• They keep a strong hunting instinct and can be very determined, so good recall training and secure fencing are important.
• Their harsh, weather resistant coat is relatively low maintenance, sheds moderately, and can be kept tidy with simple hand stripping or regular brushing.

Appearance & Coat

The Border Terrier is a small, sturdy dog that combines a workmanlike build with an expressive and often slightly serious face. They are usually between 33 and 40 centimeters at the shoulder, with weight ranging from about 5 to 7 kilograms, depending on sex and individual build. Although they are light enough to be lifted easily when needed, they should never look fragile or fine boned. A Border Terrier should feel surprisingly solid when you pick them up, as if they are stronger than their size first suggests.

One of the hallmarks of the breed is the “otter head”, which refers to the shape of the skull. Seen from above, the head is relatively broad, with a short, strong muzzle and a gentle stop. The eyes are dark and full of expression, often giving the dog a bright and alert look. Small, V shaped ears fold neatly forward and lie close to the cheeks. The overall effect is a face that looks both intelligent and slightly serious, but which softens into a very affectionate expression when the dog is relaxed with people.

The body of the Border Terrier is narrow and flexible. Historically, this was important because the dog had to be able to follow foxes underground into tight burrows. If you put your hands around the dog’s ribcage, you should be able to feel that the ribs are fairly flat and that your fingers almost meet underneath. The chest should not be deep or broad like that of some other breeds. Legs are straight and not too heavy, giving a free and easy movement at both walk and trot. The tail is of medium length, thicker at the base and tapering to a point, carried cheerfully but never curled over the back.

The coat of the Border Terrier is one of its most practical and distinctive features. It consists of a harsh, dense outer coat and a close fitting undercoat that offers real protection from rain and cold. The texture should feel quite wiry rather than soft or fluffy. This weather resistant coat allowed the dogs to work in rough country without suffering too much from thorns, mud, or bad weather.

Coat colors are typically:

• Red
• Grizzle and tan
• Blue and tan
• Wheaten

In all cases, the color should be natural and not artificially brightened. A small amount of white on the chest is sometimes seen, but large white markings are not typical for the breed.

From a grooming point of view, the Border Terrier is quite straightforward compared with many other breeds. Most pet Border Terriers do well with:

• Regular brushing once or twice a week with a slicker brush or a coarse comb to remove loose hair and dirt.
• Occasional hand stripping a few times a year to remove dead coat and keep the harsh texture. This can be done by a groomer experienced with terriers if the owner is not comfortable doing it themselves.

Clipping is sometimes used for pets, but repeated clipping can soften the coat and reduce its weather resistance. If you plan to show your Border Terrier, hand stripping is recommended to maintain the correct look and texture.

Bathing should be kept moderate. If the dog is very muddy, rinsing with water and allowing the coat to dry before brushing usually works well. Too many shampoos can strip the natural oils that protect the skin and hair. Routine care also includes trimming nails, checking and cleaning ears, and regular tooth brushing. With these simple habits, most Border Terriers stay clean, neat, and comfortable, while keeping the natural working look that belongs to the breed.

Temperament & Personality

The Border Terrier has a reputation for being one of the friendlier and more easygoing terriers, but it is still very much a terrier at heart. This means you can expect energy, curiosity, and a certain independent streak, all wrapped in an affectionate and surprisingly sensitive nature. Many owners describe their Border Terrier as a “big dog in a small body”, because the breed combines courage and determination with a deep need to be close to their family.

With their people, Border Terriers tend to be very loving. They often enjoy sitting pressed against their owner on the sofa, and many like to sleep near or even in the owner’s bed if allowed. They are not usually a one person dog in the sense of ignoring others, but they may clearly prefer one family member. At the same time, most are friendly or at least polite with guests once they have been properly introduced. They rarely show the kind of sharp suspicion that some guarding breeds display.

Around children, a well bred and properly socialised Border Terrier is usually a cheerful and patient companion. Their small size makes them less likely to accidentally knock children over, and their sturdy build allows them to handle normal family noise and movement quite well. However, they are not toys and should never be treated as such. Young children must learn to respect the dog’s space, and all interactions should be supervised. The breed generally does well with older children who enjoy playing fetch, taking the dog for short training sessions, or helping with daily walks.

When it comes to other dogs, the Border Terrier can be socially flexible if introduced and managed thoughtfully. Many live happily with other dogs in the same household. They often enjoy canine company on walks or at training classes. However, as with other terriers, some individuals can be feisty if challenged, especially with dogs of the same sex. Early and ongoing socialisation, together with clear guidance from the owner, greatly helps to build relaxed behavior around other dogs.

The biggest challenge for many Border Terrier owners is the breed’s strong hunting instinct. These dogs were bred to pursue foxes and other quarry, and this instinct is still present in many lines. Squirrels, rabbits, or even cats that run can trigger a powerful chase reaction. Some Border Terriers can learn to live peacefully with a family cat, especially if raised together from a young age, but this is not guaranteed. Small pets such as rabbits, guinea pigs, and pet rodents are usually best kept completely separate, in secure enclosures and away from the dog’s access.

In daily life, the Border Terrier is adaptable. They can be active and outdoorsy on weekend hikes, then quite calm at home as long as their basic exercise and mental needs have been met. Many are vocal when excited, so some barking should be expected, especially if they see something interesting outside. Consistent rules and early teaching about when barking is allowed can keep this under control.

Emotionally, Border Terriers are often more sensitive than people assume. Harsh handling or rough training can damage their trust and create anxiety. They respond far better to a calm, consistent owner who uses praise, food rewards, and interesting activities to motivate them. With this type of relationship, the Border Terrier’s best qualities shine through: loyalty, good humor, and a strong desire to be part of everything their family does.

Training & Exercise

The Border Terrier is an active and intelligent breed that needs regular physical and mental exercise to stay happy and well behaved. Although they are relatively small, they are not a lapdog in the traditional sense. Historically, they had to keep up with horses and work long days in rough terrain. This working heritage shows in their stamina and eager attitude toward activity.

On a daily basis, an adult Border Terrier will usually need at least one to two hours of combined exercise and play. This can be divided into a couple of walks, some off leash running in a safe area, and short play or training sessions at home. Many Border Terriers enjoy:

• Brisk walks in varied surroundings
• Hiking on forest trails or in the countryside
• Fetch games and tug with clear start and stop rules
• Sniffing games and nose work in the garden or inside the house

Puppies and young dogs should not be pushed into long, hard exercise, as their joints are still developing. Frequent short walks, free play on soft ground, and gentle mental challenges are more appropriate for youngsters. As the dog matures, the intensity and duration of exercise can gradually increase.

Training a Border Terrier is usually enjoyable, but it requires an understanding of terrier character. These dogs are smart and learn quickly, yet they also have independence and a natural desire to make their own decisions. Traditional forceful methods tend to create resistance, stress, or shutdown behavior. Instead, positive reinforcement training works best. This means rewarding the dog for the behavior you want, using small treats, toys, praise, or access to fun activities.

Border Terriers often respond especially well to:

• Short, varied sessions that keep things interesting
• Clear routines and consistent rules
• Games that involve using their nose, such as searching for hidden treats
• Activities that allow some controlled chasing or digging in suitable places

Because of their hunting drive, recall (coming when called) is one of the most important skills to teach early and repeat often. Start indoors or in a quiet garden, using a happy voice and generous rewards. A long training line in open areas can provide more freedom while keeping safety in mind. Many Borders can learn a reliable recall, but some will never be completely trustworthy off leash around wildlife. In such cases, safe fenced areas or long lines are very useful tools.

Border Terriers also enjoy structured dog sports. Agility, rally obedience, tracking, scent work, and earthdog or similar quarry related activities can suit them very well. These sports give the dog a mental workout and strengthen the bond between dog and owner. Even simple home versions of these activities, such as obstacle courses in the garden or home made scent trails, can help channel the dog’s energy.

Boredom is a common reason for problem behaviors like digging, chewing, or excessive barking. Providing puzzle feeders, stuffed Kongs, or chew items can occupy your Border Terrier when you are busy. Rotating toys so that not everything is available at once can make them feel new and exciting again.

With the right mix of physical exercise, mental challenge, and kind but firm training, most Border Terriers become delightful companions who are responsive and cooperative in daily life. They thrive when they feel their brain and body are both put to good use, and they repay the effort with enthusiasm and loyalty.

Health

The Border Terrier is generally a robust and relatively healthy breed, especially when compared with some more heavily constructed or extremely shaped breeds. Many Borders live long, active lives well into their teens. It is not unusual to meet individuals of 13 or 14 years who still enjoy regular walks and play. However, like all breeds, they are predisposed to certain health conditions, and responsible breeding and preventive care are essential.

Some health issues that can occur in Border Terriers include:

• Hip dysplasia: This is a developmental condition of the hip joint that can lead to pain and arthritis. Although the breed is not among the worst affected, screening breeding dogs with hip scoring or similar evaluation is a sensible precaution.
• Patellar luxation: The kneecap can slip out of place, especially in small and light breeds. Mild cases may only cause occasional skipping steps, while severe cases may need surgery.
• Heart problems: Some Border Terriers may develop heart murmurs or valve issues as they age. Regular veterinary checks can detect early changes.
• Dental problems: As with many small dogs, plaque and tartar can build up quickly if teeth are not cleaned. Poor dental health can lead to pain, infections, and even affect internal organs over time.
• Allergies and skin issues: A minority of dogs may show sensitivity to certain foods, parasites, or environmental triggers, which can cause itching or recurring ear and skin infections.

There are also a few conditions more specifically noted in the breed, such as a neurological and gastrointestinal disorder sometimes referred to as “border terrier seizure disorder” or “canine epileptoid cramping syndrome” in some regions. Research is ongoing, and not all unusual episodes of shaking or cramping are related to this, so a proper veterinary diagnosis is important. Some Border Terriers may also be predisposed to epilepsy or other seizure related problems that are not unique to the breed.

Responsible breeders typically carry out health tests and follow recommendations from their national kennel clubs and breed clubs. Depending on the country, suggested or required tests may include:

• Hip evaluations
• Eye examinations by a veterinary ophthalmologist
• Patella checks
• Heart examinations
• In some cases, participation in health programs or databases to monitor emerging issues

Prospective puppy buyers should feel comfortable asking breeders about which tests they perform, how often they vet check their dogs, and what health issues they have seen in their lines. A good breeder will be open about both strengths and weaknesses and will gladly explain how they work to improve the health of the breed.

For owners, maintaining health involves a combination of:

• Balanced nutrition appropriate for the dog’s age, size, and activity level
• Keeping the dog at a lean, healthy weight to protect joints
• Regular exercise to maintain muscle tone and heart health
• Routine vaccination and parasite control according to veterinary advice
• Dental care through brushing or suitable dental chews and professional cleaning when needed
• Yearly or twice yearly health checks, especially in older dogs

Obesity is a preventable but surprisingly common problem in small breeds like the Border Terrier. Because they are compact, a few extra kilograms can put considerable strain on their joints and organs. Owners sometimes underestimate how much they feed through treats and table scraps. Using part of the dog’s daily food ration as training rewards, and keeping tidbits from the table to an absolute minimum, can help avoid unwanted weight gain.

With thoughtful breeding, regular veterinary care, and a sensible lifestyle, most Border Terriers remain active and joyful well into old age. They often age gracefully, slowing down without losing their characteristic spark, and many continue to enjoy games, walks, and family time long after other breeds might have retired to the sofa completely.

History & Origins

The story of the Border Terrier begins in the rugged countryside along the border between England and Scotland. This is a land of hills, moorland, and farms, where for centuries people relied on hardy animals that could cope with difficult weather and tough ground. Foxes were a significant problem for sheep farmers, and there was a strong need for small, agile dogs that could work both above and below ground to help control them.

The ancestors of the Border Terrier developed in this environment as part of the working equipment of the local farmers and horsemen. They needed a dog that could run with horses during a hunt, then go to ground after the fox when it took refuge in its den. This required a unique combination of traits: long legs for speed, yet a narrow body to fit into burrows; a tough, weather resistant coat; courage in the face of determined quarry; and enough sense to avoid unnecessary injury.

The breed was known locally by various names before it became officially recognised. It is believed that Border Terriers were closely associated with the Border Hunt and other packs in the area, and that they shared some ancestry with other terriers of the region. However, they developed a distinct type, especially the characteristic otter like head and narrow yet strong body.

By the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, dog shows began to play a bigger role in the dog world in Britain and elsewhere. Farmers and huntsmen brought their working terriers to shows, where they attracted attention for their combination of practicality and attractive appearance. The Border Terrier was formally recognised as a distinct breed in the early twentieth century, and breed clubs were formed to protect and promote the breed. Even as the Border Terrier entered the show ring, breeders generally tried to preserve its working qualities and natural, unexaggerated shape.

Over time, the Border Terrier spread beyond its original region and then beyond the United Kingdom. In many European countries, as well as in North America and other parts of the world, the breed found admirers who appreciated its charm, personality, and manageable size. Kennel clubs included the Border Terrier in their terrier groups, and many national breed clubs developed, often with an emphasis on maintaining both health and the traditional functional structure.

In modern times, relatively few Border Terriers work as full time fox hunting dogs, as hunting practices and rural life have changed. However, in some areas they still participate in field trials, earthdog tests, and other working activities that reflect their origins. In many countries, they are primarily kept as companions and family dogs, but their working heritage is still visible in their energy, drive, and natural instinct to investigate holes and chase small animals.

Today the Border Terrier occupies an interesting place among dog breeds. It is known on several continents, actively bred and shown, yet it has avoided the extreme popularity that sometimes brings heavy overbreeding and serious health consequences. This relative balance has helped the breed remain close to its historical type: a practical, moderately sized, weatherproof terrier that can turn its paw to many tasks, whether that is hiking with its owner, participating in dog sports, or simply providing loyal companionship in a modern home.

Living with the Breed

Sharing your life with a Border Terrier can be deeply rewarding, but it also involves a level of commitment that every prospective owner should consider carefully. This breed is not as demanding as some highly active working breeds, yet it is also not a decorative or low energy companion that can be forgotten for most of the day.

On a daily basis, a Border Terrier needs meaningful interaction with its people. This includes walks, playtime, gentle grooming, and simply being present with the family. Borders usually want to be where the action is, whether that means helping you in the garden, watching you cook, or sleeping under your desk while you work. They are generally not content to be left alone for long hours every day. If your lifestyle involves full time work away from home, you will need to plan for dog walkers, dog daycare, or help from family members to avoid long periods of isolation.

Financially, owning a Border Terrier involves similar costs to other small to medium dogs. Annual expenses often include:

• Quality dog food
• Routine veterinary care and vaccinations
• Parasite control
• Pet insurance, which can be very helpful in case of accidents or illness
• Grooming, especially if you use a professional for hand stripping
• Training classes, at least during puppyhood and adolescence
• Equipment and replacement of worn collars, leads, beds, and toys

While exact amounts vary greatly by country and personal choices, it is sensible to budget for ongoing costs over the dog’s entire lifetime, not only for the purchase price of a puppy.

Practical equipment that is especially useful for Border Terrier owners includes:

• A comfortable, well fitting harness as well as a secure collar
• A sturdy lead and, if needed, a long training line for safer recall practice
• A crate or indoor pen to provide a safe resting place and help with house training
• Durable toys that encourage chewing, chasing, and problem solving
• Enrichment tools such as food puzzles or treat dispensing toys

Because of their hunting instinct and curiosity, a secure garden is highly recommended. Fences should be checked for gaps under or between panels, as some Borders can be surprisingly skilled at squeezing through small spaces. Gates should close firmly, and it is wise to teach the dog a routine where they wait before dashing out of doors or gates. Many owners find that this simple habit prevents accidents and supports good manners.

Living with a Border Terrier in an apartment is certainly possible, provided that the dog receives enough outdoor time and mental stimulation. They do not need a large house, but they do need engagement. Regular walks, short training games indoors, and opportunities to sniff and explore new environments compensate for limited space at home. In a house with a garden, there will often be some digging. Providing a specific “legal” digging spot, such as a sandpit or a corner of the garden, can help protect flowerbeds while still allowing the dog to express natural behavior.

Noise is another consideration. While Border Terriers are usually not constant barkers, they will often alert to visitors or interesting sounds. Good early training, along with keeping windows from providing a constant view onto busy streets, can help reduce excessive barking. Calmly rewarding quiet behavior and teaching a “thank you” cue when the dog barks at something can give you a way to acknowledge their alertness without letting it escalate.

For families, the Border Terrier can be a cheerful, engaging member of the household. Involvement of older children in feeding, basic training, or grooming can teach responsibility and build a special bond between dog and child. For single owners or couples, the Border Terrier often becomes a close companion that shares many activities and daily routines. They are also a good size for older people who are still fairly active and enjoy walking, provided someone can help in times of illness or reduced mobility.

Ultimately, living with a Border Terrier means welcoming a small but spirited dog into your life as a full partner. They bring energy, humor, and affection, and they expect in return not perfection, but consistency, kindness, and time. For people who enjoy an active, interactive relationship with their dog, the Border Terrier can be an excellent choice that enriches everyday life for many years.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the typical temperament of a Border Terrier in a family home?

They are usually affectionate, cheerful, and people-focused, with a strong terrier streak of independence. Most do well with respectful children and enjoy being involved in daily activities, but they can be determined chasers outdoors. Early socialization and consistent training help balance their friendly nature with their high prey drive.

How much exercise does a Border Terrier really need each day?

Despite their small size, they are an energetic working terrier and usually need at least 60 to 90 minutes of physical activity daily. This should include brisk walks and opportunities to run or play, plus mental stimulation such as scent games or training. Without enough exercise, they may become noisy, bored, or destructive.

Do Border Terriers get along with cats and other small pets?

They were bred to hunt foxes and other small animals, so a strong prey drive is common. Some individuals can live peacefully with cats they are raised with, but chasing is still likely outdoors. They are generally not reliable around small pets such as rabbits or rodents, even with training.

How much grooming does a Border Terrier’s coat require and do they shed?

They have a wiry, weather-resistant outer coat with a softer undercoat that needs regular hand-stripping several times a year to stay in good condition. Weekly brushing helps remove loose hair and dirt, and hand-stripped coats shed less noticeably than clipped coats. Clipping is possible but can soften the coat and increase shedding over time.

Are Border Terriers good apartment dogs or do they need a yard?

They can do well in an apartment if their exercise and mental needs are consistently met, as they are generally adaptable indoors. A secure yard is helpful but not essential, since they should not be left unattended outside due to their tendency to dig and follow scents. Regular outings and structured activities matter more than space alone.

What health problems are most common in Border Terriers?

They are generally robust but can be prone to certain hereditary issues such as hip dysplasia, heart conditions, and eye problems. Some lines are affected by a seizure-like condition often called canine epileptoid cramping syndrome, as well as occasional allergies or sensitive skin. Responsible breeders screen for known issues and should be open about health in their lines.

Are Border Terriers difficult to train, given their terrier background?

They are intelligent, eager to please their people, and usually enjoy training, but they also have an independent streak. Short, varied, reward-based sessions work best, as they can lose interest in repetitive drills. Reliable recall around wildlife is challenging and often requires long-term management with leads or secure areas.

Do Border Terriers bark a lot or tend to be noisy?

They are not typically constant barkers in the home, but they are alert and will often bark to announce visitors or unusual sounds. Boredom and under-exercise can increase vocal behavior. Early training to respond to a quiet cue and good daily activity help keep noise at a manageable level.

Can a Border Terrier be left alone during the workday?

Many adults can cope with moderate periods alone if their exercise, training, and mental stimulation needs are met before and after. They prefer company and may become anxious or destructive if regularly left for long hours without interaction. Using puzzle feeders, crate training, and arranging midday breaks can make alone time easier for them.

Are Border Terriers suitable for first-time dog owners?

They can be a good choice for committed first-time owners who are ready for an active, inquisitive terrier rather than a laid-back lapdog. Their manageable size and generally friendly nature help, but their prey drive, digging, and need for engagement can surprise inexperienced owners. Good training support and realistic expectations are important for success.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Terrierklubben (Sweden)
• Deutscher Terrier Club (Germany)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
• French Kennel Club (Société Centrale Canine)