Norfolk Terrier

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• One of the smallest working terriers, yet sturdy and fearless, originally bred to control vermin on farms and in stables.
• Typically friendly and outgoing for a terrier, the Norfolk Terrier often gets on well with children and other dogs when well socialised.
• Distinctive drop ears set it apart from its close cousin, the Norwich Terrier, which has prick ears.
• Weather resistant, wiry coat that sheds very little when hand stripped, making grooming manageable with the right technique.
• Adaptable companion that can live happily in a flat or a house, as long as it gets regular walks, mental stimulation, and time with its people.

Appearance & Coat

The Norfolk Terrier may be small in height, but it is not a toy dog. This breed is compact, low to the ground, and strongly built, with a sturdy bone structure that reflects its working roots. Adult Norfolks typically stand around 25 to 26 centimeters at the shoulder and usually weigh between 5 and 6 kilograms, though some may be slightly lighter or heavier depending on build and condition. The body is slightly longer than it is tall, giving a rectangular outline, and the back is short, strong, and level. This shape allowed the Norfolk Terrier to follow quarry into tight spaces and work effectively as a ratter.

The head is one of the breed’s most appealing features. Norfolks have a foxlike expression, with dark, oval eyes that give a keen and intelligent look. The ears are small and drop forward neatly, framing the face. This drop ear is the key visual difference from the Norwich Terrier, which shares much of the same history and general type but has erect ears. The muzzle is strong for the dog’s size, with a good jaw and strong teeth, suited to its original role as a working terrier. The neck is of medium length and clean, flowing into well laid back shoulders. Legs are short but powerful, with strong bone, tight feet, and thick pads.

The Norfolk Terrier coat is one of its defining traits. It is a double coat, with a harsh, wiry outer coat and a softer, insulating undercoat. This combination helps protect the dog from wet, cold, and rough vegetation. When in good condition, the coat should lie close to the body and feel rough to the touch rather than soft or fluffy. Around the neck and shoulders there is often a slight ruff, giving extra character to the outline, while the hair on the head is slightly shorter and softer but still not silky. Some Norfolks have a small amount of furnishings on the legs and around the face, but excessive feathering is not typical of the breed.

Coat colours are usually shades of red, wheaten, black and tan, or grizzle. Some dogs have small white markings, though solid or nearly solid colours are more common. The colour can deepen or lighten as the dog matures, and many owners notice their Norfolk Terrier looks slightly different from puppyhood to adulthood as the adult coat comes through and is maintained.

Grooming a Norfolk Terrier is less complicated than some longer coated breeds, but it does require regular attention. The ideal method is hand stripping, which means removing dead outer hairs by hand or with a stripping knife so that new, harsh hair can grow in. This keeps the coat weather resistant and reduces shedding in the home. Clipping is possible and often chosen by pet owners, but over time clipping can soften the coat and change the texture and appearance. For a pet home that does not show, this may be acceptable, especially if convenience is a priority, but owners should be aware of the trade off.

Basic coat care usually includes:

• Weekly brushing with a bristle or slicker brush to remove loose hair and prevent tangles.
• Occasional hand stripping every few months, either at home after learning the technique or by a groomer experienced with hand stripped terriers.
• Checking ears, eyes, and nails during grooming sessions, trimming nails regularly and cleaning ears when needed.

Bathing is best kept to a moderate frequency, as over bathing can strip the natural oils that help keep the Norfolk Terrier coat healthy. A mild dog shampoo, thorough rinsing, and drying are usually enough. With a sensible routine and a bit of practice, the coat is quite low maintenance and suits both active country homes and city living.

Temperament & Personality

The Norfolk Terrier is often described as a big dog in a small body, and this captures its character well. It is a confident, lively, and alert little dog, but also surprisingly affectionate and sociable. Unlike some terriers that can be quite sharp or aloof, many Norfolks are more inclined to seek human company and enjoy being part of family life. They tend to form close bonds with their owners and like to be included in everyday activities, whether that is a walk, a car ride, or simply relaxing on the sofa in the evening.

With families, the Norfolk Terrier is usually cheerful and robust, which can make it a good companion for sensible children. Because it is small, it is important that children are taught how to handle and interact with the dog gently and respectfully. The breed’s sturdy build means it is less fragile than some toy breeds, but rough handling should never be allowed. When children understand basic rules, such as not disturbing the dog when it is eating or sleeping, Norfolks often thrive in busy family homes. They enjoy games, short training sessions, and will often follow family members from room to room.

With other dogs, the Norfolk Terrier is generally more sociable than many terrier breeds, particularly if introduced carefully and early in life. A well socialised Norfolk can live happily with other dogs, and many enjoy having a canine companion. That said, they are still terriers at heart and may not always back down if challenged. Owners should supervise introductions, manage high value resources such as food or favourite toys, and intervene before disagreements escalate. With proper manners and clear routines, most Norfolks can share space without difficulty.

Living with cats and other small pets can be more complex. The breed was created to hunt and control vermin, so it has a strong prey drive and a natural instinct to chase. Some Norfolks can learn to live peacefully with a resident cat, particularly if raised together from a young age, but many will still be tempted to chase unknown cats or small animals outside. Small pets such as rabbits, guinea pigs, or hamsters should always be kept securely and never left alone in the same area as a Norfolk Terrier, no matter how trustworthy the dog appears.

In day to day life, the Norfolk Terrier is curious and alert. Visitors will usually be greeted with friendly interest, although some dogs may bark when someone approaches the house. They are quite good watchdogs in the sense that they notice what is happening around them, but they are not typically aggressive by nature. Early socialisation to a wide range of people, places, and sounds helps prevent shyness or excessive suspicion.

Common challenges with the breed often relate to its terrier traits. Norfolks love to dig, especially if they catch a scent in the garden. They may also chase birds, squirrels, or even bicycles if not trained and supervised. Barking can become a habit if the dog is left alone too long or is allowed to respond to every noise. Many of these behaviours can be managed through:

• Early, consistent training.
• Sufficient physical and mental exercise.
• Clear household rules that everyone follows.

Overall, the Norfolk Terrier is a charming blend of spirited terrier and devoted companion. For owners who understand terrier tendencies and are prepared to invest time in training and socialisation, this breed can be a delightful and loyal household member.

Training & Exercise

Although the Norfolk Terrier is small, it has the heart and energy of a working dog. Regular exercise is essential, both for physical health and for mental balance. Most adult Norfolks do well with at least one fairly brisk walk of 30 to 45 minutes each day, combined with shorter outings or play sessions. Some individuals are more energetic and relish longer hikes, while others are content with moderate activity, especially as they get older. Puppies should not be over exercised while their joints are still developing, so multiple short walks and gentle play are better than long, forced marches in the early months.

This breed tends to enjoy a range of activities. Many Norfolk Terriers love:

• Exploring new scents on walks or in safe, enclosed areas.
• Games of fetch or tug with their owners.
• Short bursts of running off lead in secure fields or enclosed dog parks, if recall is reliable.
• Interactive toys and puzzle feeders that provide mental challenges.

Because the Norfolk Terrier retains a strong prey drive, recall training is particularly important. Some Norfolks will respond well and can be trusted off lead in safe areas, while others may be more inclined to chase wildlife. A long training line is useful when teaching recall, allowing the dog some freedom while keeping it safe. Choosing quieter walking routes and avoiding areas heavily populated by squirrels or other tempting animals can make outings more relaxed during the training period.

When it comes to learning, the Norfolk Terrier is intelligent, quick, and can be surprisingly eager to please. However, like many terriers, it has an independent streak. This means training methods must be fair, consistent, and engaging. Harsh corrections or heavy handed approaches tend to backfire, creating resistance or anxiety. Positive reinforcement usually works best. Rewarding desired behaviours with treats, praise, toys, or the opportunity to engage in a favourite activity keeps the dog motivated and focused. Short, varied sessions are better than long, repetitive drills.

Basic obedience such as sit, down, stay, come, and walking nicely on lead should be taught from an early age. House training is usually straightforward with a sensible routine and supervision, but some Norfolks may take a little longer to become completely reliable if owners are inconsistent. Crate training can be a helpful tool for managing the young dog and giving it a safe resting space.

Norfolk Terriers often do well in structured activities such as:

• Agility, where their speed and enthusiasm can shine.
• Rally obedience, which focuses on teamwork and communication.
• Nose work or scent games, which tap into their natural hunting instincts.

These activities not only provide physical exercise but also help strengthen the bond between dog and owner.

One area that should not be overlooked is general manners and impulse control. Terriers can be impulsive, especially around moving objects or exciting situations. Teaching self control exercises, such as waiting at doorways, giving up items on cue, or calmly watching another dog pass by, can be invaluable in real life. Regular socialisation, particularly in the first year, will also help the Norfolk Terrier learn to cope with busy environments, strange noises, and varied people and dogs.

Overall, while the Norfolk Terrier does not require the intense exercise of some large working breeds, it is not a couch potato. A balanced routine that includes daily walks, play, and mental challenges will result in a well adjusted, content companion that is easier to live with and less likely to develop problem behaviours such as excessive barking or destructive chewing.

Health

The Norfolk Terrier is generally considered a robust and healthy breed, especially when bred responsibly and maintained at a healthy weight. With good care, many Norfolks enjoy long, active lives, often reaching 12 to 14 years or more. However, as with all breeds, there are certain health concerns that potential owners and breeders should be aware of.

One area of attention is hereditary eye disease. Some Norfolk Terriers can be prone to conditions such as cataracts or other inherited eye issues. Regular eye examinations by a veterinary ophthalmologist are recommended for breeding dogs, and new owners should ask breeders about recent eye test results for both parents.

Patellar luxation, where the kneecap slips out of place, can also occur in small breeds, including the Norfolk Terrier. This can range from mild and manageable with lifestyle adjustments, to more severe cases that may require surgery. Responsible breeders screen their dogs for this condition and avoid breeding from individuals with significant problems. Keeping the dog lean and fit, with well developed muscles, helps reduce stress on the joints.

Hip and elbow issues are less common in this small breed than in large dogs, but joint health should still be monitored. Good nutrition, avoiding excessive jumping from heights when the dog is young, and sensible exercise patterns all contribute to long term joint wellbeing.

Some Norfolk Terriers may be susceptible to certain heart conditions or respiratory issues, particularly as they age. Regular veterinary check ups are important to detect subtle changes early. A yearly health check that includes listening to the heart and lungs, checking teeth and gums, and assessing body condition can catch problems before they become severe.

Typical health tests and considerations for responsible breeding often include:

• Eye examinations by a specialist at recommended intervals.
• Patella evaluations.
• In some lines, additional tests if specific inherited conditions have been identified.

Prospective owners should feel comfortable asking breeders about the health testing they carry out and about any known problems in the line. A reputable breeder will be open and willing to discuss both strengths and weaknesses in their breeding program.

Dental care is another important aspect of Norfolk Terrier health. Like many small breeds, they can be prone to tartar build up and periodontal disease if teeth are not regularly cleaned. Training the dog from an early age to accept tooth brushing several times a week is one of the simplest ways to support long term health. Dental chews and appropriate chew toys can also help, though they are not a replacement for brushing.

Weight management is critical. The Norfolk Terrier’s compact frame can quickly become overloaded if the dog is allowed to gain extra kilos. Obesity increases the risk of joint problems, diabetes, heart disease, and general discomfort. Owners should monitor their dog’s body condition regularly, being able to feel the ribs without excess fat and see a clear waist when viewed from above. Measuring food, limiting treats, and adjusting the diet according to activity level all play a role.

Like many active, inquisitive breeds, Norfolk Terriers may also be at some risk for injuries, especially if they jump off high furniture, run on slippery floors, or play roughly with much larger dogs. Providing safe environments, non slip surfaces where possible, and supervising interactions with big companions reduces these risks.

With thoughtful breeding, regular veterinary care, and sensible everyday management, the Norfolk Terrier is capable of enjoying a long, happy life with relatively few serious health issues. Owners who educate themselves about breed specific concerns and who work closely with their vet are in the best position to keep their Norfolk in good condition well into old age.

History & Origins

The Norfolk Terrier’s history is closely intertwined with that of other small terriers from the east of England, especially the Norwich Terrier. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, farmers, stable hands, and smallholders in Norfolk and surrounding counties valued tough little terriers for their ability to control rats and other vermin. These dogs were not bred for appearance but for working ability and temperament. As long as they could get into tight spaces, work with determination, and live alongside horses and other animals, they were considered useful.

Various small terrier strains were crossed to produce these plucky little dogs. Over time, a more recognisable type emerged around the city of Norwich and the county of Norfolk. These terriers were short legged, sturdy, and full of character. They quickly gained a reputation as efficient ratters and loyal companions in stables and on farms. Students at Cambridge University also became fond of them, and some lines were associated with university life, where the dogs helped control pests and provided lively company.

Originally, drop eared and prick eared dogs were considered the same breed and were known collectively as Norwich Terriers. Both ear types appeared in the same litters, and it took many years before a distinction was made. As dog shows grew in popularity and breed standards became more formalised, breeders and enthusiasts started paying closer attention to details such as ear carriage and overall style. While both ear types belonged to very similar dogs, some fanciers preferred one look over the other.

In the mid 20th century, a decision was eventually made to recognise the two ear types as separate breeds. The prick eared dogs retained the name Norwich Terrier, while the drop eared dogs were given the name Norfolk Terrier, acknowledging their roots in the Norfolk region. This formal separation allowed breeders to focus on maintaining consistent type within each breed, while preserving the shared working heritage.

Throughout this period, the Norfolk Terrier remained a working dog at heart. Its job was to hunt vermin, accompany horses, and serve as a watchdog on farms and in stables. Its small size made it easy to keep in limited quarters, and its hardy constitution meant it could cope with the rough and tumble of rural life. Even as the need for working ratters declined with modern pest control methods, the Norfolk Terrier’s personality and adaptability helped it transition into a much loved companion dog.

Today, the Norfolk Terrier is still relatively uncommon compared to some other terrier breeds, which adds to its appeal for those who want a distinctive but not overly popular breed. It is now primarily kept as a family companion and show dog, but many of its original traits remain. It is still alert, quick, and eager to explore. In some parts of the world, Norfolks may still be used for informal vermin control on farms, though this is much less central to their modern role.

In the show ring, the Norfolk Terrier is appreciated for its balance of substance and small size, its vivid expression, and its harsh coat. Breed clubs and enthusiasts work to preserve the essential character and health of the breed, encouraging responsible breeding practices and educating new owners about its needs. Although its life has shifted from stable yards to sofas, the Norfolk Terrier carries its history with it, wrapped up in every inquisitive glance and spirited trot.

Living with the Breed

Living with a Norfolk Terrier can be a joyful experience, provided that prospective owners understand the level of commitment involved. This is not a decorative lapdog, even though it will happily curl up beside you. It is a small working terrier that needs involvement, structure, and companionship. For many households, that combination makes life with a Norfolk particularly rewarding.

One of the biggest advantages of the breed is its adaptability. Norfolks can live comfortably in both apartments and houses, in cities or in the countryside, as long as their exercise and mental needs are met. Daily walks, opportunities to sniff and explore, and regular interaction with their people are far more important than having a large garden. A fenced garden is helpful, especially because many Norfolks enjoy exploring and may try to squeeze under gaps or dig if something interesting catches their attention. Secure boundaries are essential to keep the dog safe.

New owners should expect to invest time each day in basic care and interaction. This includes:

• Feeding a balanced diet and monitoring weight.
• Grooming the coat weekly and arranging for periodic hand stripping if desired.
• Providing daily exercise, play, and some training or mental enrichment.

Norfolk Terriers do not enjoy being left alone for very long periods. While most can learn to cope with a typical working day if gradually accustomed to it and given appropriate breaks, they are happiest when they are part of family life. Dogs left for long hours without company or stimulation may become bored and resort to barking, chewing, or escape attempts. For this reason, they tend to suit households where someone is home for at least part of the day, or where arrangements such as dog walkers, doggy day care, or trusted neighbours are available.

Financially, the annual cost of keeping a Norfolk Terrier is similar to other small breeds. Owners should budget for:

• Quality food appropriate for the dog’s age and activity level.
• Routine veterinary visits, vaccinations, parasite control, and dental care.
• Pet insurance or a savings buffer for unexpected vet bills.
• Grooming costs if using a professional groomer experienced with hand stripped terriers.
• Replacement of equipment such as leads, harnesses, beds, and toys.

Initial setup costs can include a comfortable bed, a crate if you choose to use one, food and water bowls, a secure harness and lead, identification tags, a microchip if not already provided, and a good selection of safe toys. Puzzle toys, treat balls, and sturdy chew toys are particularly appreciated by many Norfolks, as they help to channel natural chewing and problem solving instincts in a positive way.

In the home, Norfolk Terriers generally enjoy being close to their people. Many like to share the sofa or sit at your feet while you work. They can be affectionate without being overly clingy, although individual personalities vary. Clear routines, kind boundaries, and consistent training help the dog understand what is expected and prevent small issues from developing into larger problems. For example, deciding from the beginning whether the dog is allowed on the furniture and sticking to that rule avoids confusion later.

Norfolks can be quite tidy dogs when properly groomed. The harsh coat does not usually carry as much dirt as a long, silky coat would, and there is often less shedding when the coat is hand stripped rather than clipped. However, like any terrier, they enjoy digging and exploring, so a towel by the door and a quick paw check after muddy walks are useful habits.

Because they are relatively small and portable, Norfolk Terriers can make good travel companions. Many adapt well to car journeys, holidays, and even dog friendly accommodation, as long as they are introduced gradually and feel secure. Crate training is especially helpful when staying in unfamiliar places, giving the dog a safe, familiar spot to retreat to.

For those who are prepared to invest time in training, socialisation, and everyday care, the Norfolk Terrier offers a delightful combination of character, companionship, and manageable size. It suits active singles, couples, and families who enjoy having a dog that is small enough to fit into modern life but lively enough to join in adventures. With patience, understanding of its terrier nature, and genuine affection, living with a Norfolk Terrier can be a deeply rewarding, long term partnership.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the typical temperament of a Norfolk Terrier?

This is a small, confident terrier with a generally affectionate and cheerful nature. They tend to be lively and bold without being as intense as some larger terriers. Many are social with people and other dogs when well raised, but they retain a strong instinct to chase small animals.

Are Norfolk Terriers good family dogs and safe with children?

They usually make devoted family companions and often bond closely with their people. Most do well with respectful children, especially if raised with them, but they do not tolerate rough handling. Early socialization and clear boundaries are important to prevent snappiness when a child pushes their limits.

How much exercise does a Norfolk Terrier need each day?

Despite their size, they are energetic and need at least 45 to 60 minutes of daily activity. Short walks alone are usually not enough, and they benefit from play sessions, scent games, or safe off‑lead running in secure areas. Without enough mental and physical exercise, they may become noisy or destructive.

How much grooming does a Norfolk Terrier’s wiry coat require?

The harsh, weather‑resistant coat is designed to be hand‑stripped several times a year, not clipped, to keep the correct texture. Weekly brushing and checking for tangles around the ears, belly, and legs is usually enough between stripping sessions. Clipping is common in pets but often softens the coat and can increase shedding.

Do Norfolk Terriers shed a lot?

They are generally low to moderate shedders, especially when the coat is properly hand‑stripped. Dead hair is removed during stripping rather than falling out around the home. If the coat is clipped or not maintained, shedding and coat dullness can increase.

What health problems are Norfolk Terriers prone to?

Overall they are a relatively robust breed, but there are some concerns to be aware of. These include mitral valve heart disease, certain hereditary eye conditions, and occasional orthopedic issues such as luxating patellas. Responsible breeders screen their breeding dogs and provide health information on the pedigree.

Are Norfolk Terriers hard to train given their terrier background?

They are intelligent and quick to learn but also independent and easily distracted by scents and movement. Short, varied training sessions with rewards work better than repetitive drills. Reliable recall can be challenging, so many owners use long‑line work and extra practice before allowing off‑lead freedom.

Can a Norfolk Terrier live happily in an apartment?

They can adapt well to apartment living if their exercise and mental stimulation needs are consistently met. Regular walks, active play, and training help prevent nuisance barking. Soundproofing or management may be needed, since they have a natural tendency to alert to noises in the hallway or outside.

Do Norfolk Terriers usually get along with other dogs and pets?

Many are more sociable with other dogs than some terrier breeds, particularly when well socialized from puppyhood. However, they still have a strong prey drive and may chase small animals such as rodents or outdoor cats. Supervision with smaller pets and careful introductions are recommended.

How are Norfolk Terriers different from Norwich Terriers?

They share a close history and look similar, but there are distinct differences. Norfolk have dropped ears, while Norwich have pricked ears, and some owners describe the Norfolk as slightly calmer and more easygoing, though both are active terriers. Breed clubs treat them as separate breeds with their own standards and breeding programs.

Sources

• Norfolk Terrier Club of Great Britain
• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)
• Agria Animal Insurance (Sweden)