Papillon

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Small, elegant toy breed known for its large, butterfly shaped ears and bright, intelligent expression
• Highly trainable and responsive, often excelling in obedience, agility, and other dog sports
• Typically friendly and outgoing, but alert enough to make an excellent little watchdog
• Fine, silky coat that is surprisingly low odour and not difficult to care for with regular brushing
• Long lived companion, many Papillons reach their mid to late teens with good care

Appearance & Coat

The Papillon is a small, refined toy dog, but there is nothing fragile about a well bred example of the breed. Adult height is usually around 20 to 28 centimetres at the shoulder, with weight typically between 2 and 5 kilograms. The body is slightly longer than it is tall, giving a rectangular outline. A well balanced Papillon should look light and elegant, yet still sturdy enough to move freely and enjoy an active life.

The most distinctive feature of the Papillon is of course the ears. In the Papillon variety, the ears are carried upright with the fringes of hair spreading out like the wings of a butterfly, which is where the breed takes its name. There is also a closely related drop eared variety known as the Phalène. Both varieties can occur in the same litter, and in some countries they are judged separately at shows, while in others together. The eyes are dark, round, and expressive, giving an alert but gentle expression that many owners fall in love with straight away.

The tail is another beautiful feature. It is set high, carried arched over the back, and covered with a long plume of fine hair. When a Papillon is happy and confident, the tail plume often waves proudly and adds to the dog’s elegant outline. Legs are fine and straight, with small, hare like feet. Movement should be light, free, and effortless, without any stiffness or clumsiness.

The coat of the Papillon is long, fine, and silky, but it is not woolly and has no undercoat. There is a frill around the neck and chest, often very full in mature dogs, and feathering on the backs of the legs, tail, and ears. This luxurious hair gives the breed a glamorous appearance, yet it is easier to maintain than many people expect. The coat lies flat, with a natural shine when the dog is in good health.

Papillons are always parti coloured, which means white with patches of any other recognised colour, often in clear, well defined areas. Common colours include white and black, white and red, or white and sable, and many dogs also have a narrow white blaze on the face. The colour around the eyes and on the ears is particularly important for the typical Papillon expression.

Coat care is fairly straightforward if done regularly. A thorough brushing two or three times a week is enough for most pets. Focus on:

• Behind the ears where tangles often form
• The feathering on the legs and tail
• The frill on the chest

Using a soft pin brush and a metal comb helps keep the coat tangle free without damaging the fine hair. Many owners like to lightly mist the coat with water or a conditioning spray before brushing to reduce breakage. Because the Papillon has no heavy undercoat, seasonal shedding is not as intense as in double coated breeds, although some hair will naturally fall throughout the year.

Bathing every four to six weeks, or when the dog becomes dirty, is usually sufficient. Be sure to use a gentle dog shampoo and rinse thoroughly so no residue remains in the coat. Pay particular attention to the hair on the feet and under the tail for hygiene. Some owners trim the hair between the pads of the feet to prevent slipping on smooth floors and to keep debris from collecting.

Regular checks of the ears are important, since the heavy feathering can hide dirt. Keep the inside of the ear clean and dry, but do not over clean, as that can irritate sensitive skin. A well groomed Papillon does not usually have a strong doggy smell, which can be a pleasant surprise for new owners.

Temperament & Personality

The Papillon is often described as a big dog in a small body, and that captures the essence of the breed very well. These dogs are lively, curious, and surprisingly confident, especially when well socialised from a young age. Many owners say their Papillon seems to understand far more than you would expect from such a small dog, and this intelligence is a key reason the breed is beloved around the world.

In daily life, a Papillon tends to be affectionate and people oriented. They usually form very strong bonds with their family and enjoy being close to their humans whenever possible. A typical Papillon will follow you from room to room, settle at your feet when you work, and leap up happily when it is time to play or go for a walk. This close attachment can be a joy, but it also means that Papillons do not enjoy being left alone for long periods. Some can develop separation related behaviours if they are regularly left for many hours without company or mental stimulation.

With families, Papillons are often gentle and playful, especially when they are raised with children. They generally prefer respectful, calm handling and can become nervous if grabbed roughly or treated like a toy. For this reason, the breed is usually better suited to families with slightly older children who understand how to interact kindly with small dogs. In the right home, a Papillon can be a delightful companion who joins in games, cuddles on the sofa, and becomes part of every activity.

Around strangers, Papillons can range from outgoing and friendly to slightly reserved, but they should never be aggressive or excessively shy. A well bred and well socialised Papillon greets new people with curiosity and interest, although some may bark first to alert their owners. They often make very good little watchdogs, as they notice anything unusual and are not shy about expressing their opinion with their voice.

With other pets, Papillons can do very well. Many live happily with other dogs, including larger breeds, as long as play is supervised to keep the smaller dog safe. They are usually fine with cats, particularly if introduced in a careful and patient manner. It helps that Papillons are generally not as prey driven as some other small breeds, although individuals can vary. Because Papillons are so light and nimble, it is easy to forget how small they are, so it is wise to supervise interactions with bigger animals and very boisterous playmates.

Common challenges with the breed tend to revolve around their intelligence and sensitivity. A Papillon that does not receive enough mental and physical stimulation can become bored, which may lead to unwanted behaviours such as:

• Excessive barking
• Chewing small items left around the house
• Demanding attention through jumping or pawing

They can also be quite sensitive to tone of voice. Harsh corrections or shouting can undermine their confidence and damage the trust between dog and owner. On the positive side, this same sensitivity makes them very responsive to kind, consistent guidance and they often learn house rules quickly when they are explained clearly and reinforced with patience.

Another point to remember is that some Papillons can be a little independent. They are very attached to their people, but not all of them are natural lap dogs who want to sit still for long periods. Many prefer to be engaged in some small activity, whether it is watching out of the window, exploring the garden, or working on a puzzle toy. Respecting each dog’s individual personality and energy level is important for a harmonious relationship.

Overall, the Papillon is a bright, cheerful, and devoted companion. When given structure, affection, and the right outlets for their mind and body, they fit beautifully into many types of households and reward their families with years of love and entertainment.

Training & Exercise

Although they are a toy breed, Papillons are not couch ornaments. They were developed as active little companion dogs and retain a surprising amount of energy and enthusiasm for work. Many Papillons can happily keep up with a moderately active lifestyle, as long as exercise is adapted to their size and build.

In terms of training, Papillons are among the most responsive of the toy breeds. They tend to learn quickly and enjoy the mental challenge of new tasks. Positive reinforcement methods work particularly well with this breed. Using small food rewards, toys, and plenty of praise encourages a Papillon to engage eagerly in training sessions. They often pick up basic cues such as sit, down, come, and stay within a short time, provided training is consistent and kept fun.

Short, frequent training sessions usually work better than long, repetitive ones. For example, two or three five minute sessions spread through the day can be more effective than one half hour session. Papillons thrive on variety. You might practice obedience in the morning, a few tricks in the afternoon, and a short scent game in the evening. This kind of approach keeps the dog mentally fresh and prevents boredom.

Papillons excel in many dog sports, which makes them a joy for owners who enjoy training. They are particularly popular in:

• Agility, where their speed and agility allow them to navigate courses impressively
• Obedience and rally, where their responsiveness and precision shine
• Heelwork to music or trick training, which makes full use of their flair and cheerfulness

These activities are not only fun, they also build confidence and deepen the bond between dog and owner. Even if you never compete, you can borrow ideas from these sports to enrich everyday life. Simple agility style games in the garden, such as jumping over a low pole or running through a cardboard tunnel, can be wonderfully stimulating.

Exercise needs vary from dog to dog, but most Papillons do well with around 45 to 60 minutes of combined physical and mental activity each day. This does not need to be one long walk. A typical day might include:

• A brisk 20 to 30 minute walk, allowing some time for sniffing
• Several short play sessions at home, such as fetch with a soft ball
• Training games or puzzle feeders to work the brain

Despite their energy, Papillons are also sensible about rest. Once their needs are met, many are happy to curl up for a nap beside you. The key is balance. A Papillon that receives no structured activity may become restless and noisy, while one that is over exercised on hard surfaces could risk damage to joints and pads.

Because of their small size, care is needed when exercising Papillons outdoors. They can chill quickly in cold, wet weather, so a light, comfortable coat is helpful in winter. In hot weather, walks should be shorter and restricted to cooler times of day. Their small bodies can overheat faster than larger dogs. Always carry fresh water and allow plenty of rest in the shade.

Training should also include careful socialisation from puppyhood. Introduce your Papillon to a wide variety of people, animals, noises, and environments in a controlled and positive way. This helps prevent fearfulness and teaches the dog to cope confidently with the busy modern world. Puppy classes run by experienced, reward focused trainers can be very useful for this breed.

It is wise to put early effort into recall training, as some Papillons can be bold and curious enough to wander if something catches their attention. A reliable recall and a habit of checking in regularly with their owner mean that off lead freedom can be enjoyed more safely where local laws and conditions allow.

Finally, remember that training is not just for puppies. Papillons stay mentally sharp well into old age. Teaching new tricks or continuing with gentle sport training keeps older dogs fit, engaged, and happy, and can help slow age related decline in both body and mind.

Health

Papillons are generally a robust and long lived toy breed, with many individuals reaching 14 to 16 years of age and some living even longer. However, like all purebred dogs, they are more prone to certain health conditions that prospective owners should understand. Responsible breeders work hard to reduce the risk of these issues through careful selection and health testing.

One of the most common concerns in the breed is patellar luxation, which is a condition where the kneecap slips in and out of its normal position. Mild cases may only cause occasional skipping steps or brief lameness, while more severe cases can lead to pain and arthritis. Reputable breeders have their breeding stock checked by a veterinary specialist, and dogs with significant luxation should not be bred. For owners, keeping the dog at a healthy weight and avoiding repeated jumping from heights, such as off furniture, can help reduce strain on the knees.

Dental health is an important topic for all toy breeds, including Papillons. Their small jaws can lead to crowding of teeth, which in turn encourages tartar build up and gum disease if not managed. Regular tooth brushing is highly recommended. Aim for daily brushing with a dog safe toothpaste, or at least several times a week. Professional dental cleaning by a vet may be needed periodically, especially as the dog gets older.

Eye conditions can also occur in the Papillon. Progressive retinal atrophy, a degenerative condition that can lead to blindness, has been reported in the breed. Responsible breeders use genetic tests where available to reduce the risk of producing affected puppies. Cataracts and other age related eye changes may appear in older dogs. Regular veterinary eye checks help catch problems early, when they are often easier to manage.

Another health issue that may be seen is heart disease, particularly mitral valve disease in older Papillons. This condition involves a deterioration of one of the heart valves and can lead to a heart murmur and, in later stages, signs of heart failure such as coughing, reduced exercise tolerance, or rapid breathing at rest. Routine check ups with a vet, including listening to the heart, mean that treatment can begin earlier, which can significantly improve quality of life.

Some Papillons may experience fontanelle issues, where a small soft spot on the top of the skull remains open after puppyhood. In most dogs this area closes naturally as the skull bones fuse. When it does not, care should be taken to protect the head from injury. Discuss any concerns with your breeder and vet, who can advise you on the particular dog’s needs.

In a small number of toy breeds, including Papillons, there is a risk of certain neurological conditions such as epilepsy or conditions affecting balance and coordination. Fortunately, these are not extremely common, but they are another reason why it is so important to choose breeders who monitor their lines carefully and avoid breeding from affected dogs.

Recommended health tests for breeding Papillons typically include:

• Patella examinations
• Eye examinations by a veterinary ophthalmologist
• In some countries, genetic tests for known inherited conditions that may be present in the breed

For puppy buyers, asking breeders about the health tests they perform and the longevity of dogs in their lines is very sensible. A responsible breeder should be open and honest about any issues that have occurred and able to explain how they aim to improve health with each generation.

Owners can support their Papillon’s long term health by providing:

• A balanced, high quality diet suitable for the dog’s age and activity level
• Regular, moderate exercise without excessive strain
• Weight control, as extra weight puts stress on delicate joints and the heart
• Annual veterinary check ups and vaccinations as advised locally

With good breeding, proper care, and attention to early signs of trouble, many Papillons enjoy long, active, and happy lives, remaining lively well into their senior years.

History & Origins

The Papillon has a long and fascinating history as a companion dog, closely linked to European nobility and art. The breed’s ancestors appear in paintings as early as the 16th century, often depicted sitting gracefully on the laps of queens and ladies of the court. These early spaniel type toy dogs were valued as charming companions and fashionable status symbols.

Originally, the breed had dropped ears and looked more like the modern Phalène variety. They evolved from small spaniels that had been bred down in size to become indoor pets rather than working gundogs. These little dogs appear in works by famous painters of the Renaissance and later periods, especially in portraits of European royalty. Their presence in these paintings gives us an unusually clear picture of how the breed’s early ancestors looked and lived.

The name Papillon, which means butterfly in French, refers specifically to the erect eared variety that became popular later. The transformation from folded to fringed, upright ears seems to have occurred gradually over several centuries. By the 19th century, the butterfly eared look was firmly established, particularly in France and Belgium, where dedicated breeders began to refine the type and develop more consistent lines.

In some countries, the drop eared version continued alongside the Papillon. This variety is known as the Phalène, meaning moth, and is considered an older form of the breed. Today, both Papillon and Phalène share the same basic body type and breed standard, differing mainly in ear carriage. In some kennel clubs they are registered and shown as the same breed with two ear types, while in others they may be separated.

As the breed developed further, breeders focused on elegance, fine bone, and the silky coat that is a hallmark of today’s Papillon. The introduction of clear white markings and carefully placed patches of colour helped create the striking patterns we recognise now. The butterfly like ears, with long fringe framing the face, became a key goal in breeding and still attract much admiration in the show ring.

The Papillon began to spread more widely beyond continental Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Fanciers in the United Kingdom, Scandinavia, and later North America and other parts of the world took an interest in the breed. Breed clubs were formed to protect and promote the Papillon, and the dog gradually moved from the salons of nobility into the homes of ordinary families who appreciated its charm and intelligence.

Although the Papillon is firmly established as a companion breed, its spaniel ancestry and lively nature mean it is more than just a lap dog. In modern times, Papillons are known for excelling in competitive obedience, agility, and other canine activities. They have proven that they are not only beautiful but also capable, quick learning, and versatile.

Today, the Papillon is cherished worldwide as a loyal companion, show dog, and performance partner. While it no longer belongs only to royalty, it still carries an air of elegance and refinement that hints at its noble past. At the same time, behind the graceful outline is a cheerful, spirited little dog that fits comfortably into contemporary family life.

Living with the Breed

Living with a Papillon can be one of the most rewarding experiences for a dog lover who appreciates a lively, intelligent, and affectionate companion. However, like any breed, the Papillon has specific needs that should be understood before bringing one into your home.

First, consider time and attention. A Papillon thrives on human company and is not a dog that should be left alone all day. If you work long hours away from home, you will need to plan for dog walkers, doggy day care, or a family member who can provide companionship during the day. These dogs enjoy being involved in whatever the family is doing, from watching television to garden activities, and they are happiest when they feel included.

The level of daily commitment is moderate. Their small size means that exercise needs are manageable compared with many larger breeds, but mental stimulation is just as important. You should plan for:

• Daily walks suited to their size and age
• Playtime and interactive games
• Regular training or trick sessions

Grooming also requires regular attention, though it is not extreme. Brushing several times per week, with a bit more effort around the ears and feathering, is usually enough to keep the coat looking its best. Nails should be trimmed every few weeks, and teeth should be cleaned often to maintain good dental health.

In terms of living space, Papillons adapt well to a variety of homes, from small city apartments to larger houses with gardens. They do not need a big yard, but they do enjoy safe outdoor access for sniffing and short bursts of play. Because of their size, secure fencing is essential. They can slip through surprisingly small gaps, and larger dogs in neighbouring gardens may unintentionally pose a risk. Indoors, steps and slippery floors may be challenging for some individuals, especially very small or older dogs, so consider ramps, carpets, or runners where needed.

Annual costs for a Papillon are usually lower than for large breeds but should not be underestimated. Typical expenses include:

• Quality food, which is consumed in smaller quantities but should still be high standard
• Routine veterinary care, vaccinations, and preventive treatments for worms, fleas, and ticks
• Occasional professional grooming if you prefer help with trimming feet and general tidying
• Insurance or a savings plan for unexpected veterinary bills
• Training classes or sport activities if you choose to participate

You will also need some basic equipment to make life comfortable and safe for your Papillon, such as:

• A light, well fitting harness and a narrow, comfortable lead for walks
• A secure crate or small bed where the dog can rest undisturbed
• Food and water bowls, ideally non slip and easy to clean
• A variety of toys, including soft toys, chew toys, and puzzle toys
• Weather appropriate coats if you live in a cold or wet climate

Socially, Papillons tend to enjoy meeting new people and other dogs, but it is important to protect them from rough handling or overly boisterous play. Teaching children to interact gently and supervising early interactions is essential. Many Papillons get along very well in multi dog households, although introductions should be managed carefully, especially with much larger breeds.

A potential owner should also consider noise levels. Papillons are naturally alert and can be quick to bark to announce visitors or unusual sounds. With thoughtful training and clear boundaries, most can learn to quiet down on cue, but this trait should be taken seriously if you live in very close quarters with neighbours.

Finally, ask yourself whether you enjoy engaging actively with a dog. Papillons are not suited to people who want a purely decorative pet. They want to learn, communicate, and be part of your life. If you enjoy teaching tricks, going to classes, or simply having a clever companion who watches you with bright eyes and seems to understand your moods, a Papillon can be a delightful match.

With the right preparation and mindset, living with a Papillon means sharing your home with a devoted, graceful, and endlessly entertaining little friend who is likely to be by your side for many years.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

Are Papillons good family dogs and how do they typically behave at home?

They are generally affectionate, alert and people oriented, and many enjoy being close to their owners throughout the day. In a home environment they are usually cheerful and playful but can be quite sensitive to tone of voice and rough handling, so they do best with gentle, respectful family members.

How much exercise does a Papillon actually need despite its small size?

Although small, this breed is quite active and benefits from at least 45 to 60 minutes of mixed activity spread through the day. Short walks combined with play, training games or dog sports are usually enough to keep both body and mind satisfied.

Do Papillons shed a lot and what kind of grooming do they require?

They have a single, silky coat that sheds moderately year round but usually does not mat heavily if brushed a few times per week. Regular brushing, occasional baths and careful trimming of the hair around the feet and rear are usually sufficient, since the breed is not typically clipped.

Are Papillons fragile because of their fine bone structure?

They have relatively delicate legs compared with larger breeds and can be injured by jumping from high furniture or being dropped. With sensible handling, use of stairs or ramps to furniture and careful supervision around children, most can live active lives without injury.

What health problems are Papillons prone to?

Common concerns include luxating patellas, dental disease, certain eye conditions and occasionally heart problems such as mitral valve disease. Regular veterinary checkups, early dental care and screening by responsible breeders help reduce the risk and allow early treatment when issues appear.

Are Papillons noisy or prone to barking?

They tend to be quick to alert and often bark at unfamiliar sounds or visitors, which can be useful but may become excessive without training. Consistent boundaries, teaching a quiet cue and providing enough mental activity can help keep barking at a manageable level.

Can a Papillon live happily in an apartment or small home?

They usually adapt very well to smaller living spaces as long as they receive daily walks and interactive play. Because of their alert nature, owners in apartments may need to work specifically on quiet behavior to avoid bothering neighbors.

Are Papillons good with children and other pets?

They can be good companions for calm, dog‑savvy children who understand how to handle a small dog gently. Many get along well with other friendly dogs and even cats, but their small size and lively temperament mean supervision is important to prevent accidental injury during play.

How easy is it to train a Papillon and are they really suited for dog sports?

They are generally intelligent, responsive and food or toy motivated, which makes them highly trainable with positive methods. Their agility, speed and focus have made them successful in sports such as agility, obedience and rally, as long as training is kept fun and varied.

What should I know about caring for a Papillon’s large ears and facial hair?

The fringed ears can collect dirt or tangles, so they benefit from gentle brushing and regular checks for redness, odor or debris. The hair around the face and ears should be handled carefully to avoid breakage, and any long hair near the eyes may need occasional careful trimming to prevent irritation.

Sources

• Papillon Breed Club UK
• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)
• Danish Kennel Club (Dansk Kennel Klub)