Keeshond

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Distinctive “spectacles” around the eyes give the Keeshond its famously expressive, alert face.
• A true family companion, this breed thrives on being involved in everyday life and dislikes being left alone for long hours.
• Once a barge and watchdog in the Netherlands, the Keeshond is naturally observant and quick to announce visitors, yet rarely aggressive.
• The thick double coat looks high maintenance but, with the right routine, usually needs less bathing and trimming than many people expect.
• Keeshonds are lively and intelligent, which makes training fun, but they can quickly become bored if lessons feel repetitive or harsh.

Appearance & Coat

The Keeshond is a medium sized spitz breed with a sturdy, balanced build. At first glance, many people notice the thick, plush coat, the foxy head, and the bright, intelligent eyes surrounded by the characteristic “spectacles” that make the expression so engaging. Adults stand roughly at the knee of an average adult person, with males usually a little larger and more substantial than females, but never heavy or clumsy. The body is compact, with a level back and a well feathered tail that curls over the back, sitting high and close to the body when the dog is alert.

The head should be wedge shaped when viewed from above, with relatively small, pointed ears that are set high and carried erect. These ears give the Keeshond its alert look, always seeming to pay attention to what is happening. The eyes are dark, medium sized, and almond shaped. The dark markings around the eyes, combined with a lighter area above, create the famous spectacles that many owners fall in love with. The muzzle is not too long or too short, giving a balanced, fox like appearance without exaggeration.

The coat is one of the defining features of the Keeshond. It is a double coat, with a soft, dense undercoat and a harsher, straight outer coat that stands off from the body. Around the neck and shoulders there is often an impressive ruff, especially pronounced in males, which makes the dog look even more substantial than it really is. The hind legs are well feathered, giving a “trouser” effect, while the tail is heavily plumed. Despite the dramatic outline, the dog underneath is agile and athletic rather than bulky.

Colour is usually described as wolf grey, a mix of cream, grey, and black shades, with lighter legs and underparts. The guard hairs are tipped with black, giving a shaded effect along the back and shoulders. Ears and muzzle are darker, which emphasises the expression. There can be some variation in shade from dog to dog, but the overall impression should still be that classic silver, grey and black combination, never solid black or white.

Caring for the coat is often easier than it first appears, as long as you are consistent. A deep brushing at least once or twice a week is usually enough for most pet Keeshonds, although during seasonal shedding periods you may need to brush daily to remove dead undercoat. A long pin brush and a metal comb are useful tools, and it helps to brush right down to the skin, not just over the surface. Many owners find it practical to place the dog on a non slip table for grooming sessions, especially for teaching puppies to stand calmly.

Bathing is not required very frequently, provided the coat is brushed regularly. The coat is designed to shed dirt so, once dry, mud often falls out during brushing. When you do bathe, use a gentle dog shampoo and rinse thoroughly, as product left in a thick coat can irritate the skin. Clipping is generally not recommended for this breed, as the coat protects against both cold and heat by insulating the body. Instead, focus on trimming excess hair between the paw pads and keeping the rear end clean and tidy. Regular nail trimming, ear checks, and dental care complete the grooming routine, helping your Keeshond stay comfortable and healthy while looking its best.

Temperament & Personality

The Keeshond is often described as a “people dog” because of its deep attachment to its family and love of human company. These dogs tend to form strong bonds with their people and prefer to be right in the middle of family activities rather than watching from the sidelines. Many owners say their Keeshond is like a cheerful shadow, following them from room to room and checking in with soft eye contact or a gentle nudge. This closeness is incredibly rewarding if you want a true companion, but it does mean the breed usually does not do well if left alone for long periods every day.

With families, the Keeshond is typically affectionate, playful, and eager to join in games. They are usually very tolerant with children when raised together and supervised sensibly. Their medium size means they are sturdy enough to play safely with older children without being too big or overwhelming for a family home. As with any breed, it is important to teach children to be respectful, to avoid rough handling, and to allow the dog to rest when it chooses. In return, a well socialised Keeshond often becomes a loyal playmate and a gentle friend for many years.

Around strangers, the Keeshond is naturally alert and likely to bark when someone approaches the home. This trait comes from their history as watchdogs on Dutch barges and farms. They tend to be quick to sound the alarm but usually settle once they understand that the visitor is welcome. Most Keeshonds are friendly or at least politely reserved with guests rather than suspicious or aggressive. Early socialisation helps them develop confidence in different situations, such as meeting people of all ages, hearing varied sounds, and walking in busy environments.

With other dogs and household pets, many Keeshonds are sociable and enjoy company. Their playful and curious nature often makes them good candidates for multi dog homes or for living with cats, especially if they are introduced carefully and given time to adjust. As with any spitz type breed, individuals can sometimes be independent or a little stubborn, so it is wise to supervise first meetings and set clear rules to avoid misunderstandings. They generally respond well to positive reinforcement and consistent boundaries.

One of the most common challenges with the Keeshond is vocalisation. These dogs are talkative by nature and can bark when excited, bored, or when they sense that something is different around the home. Without guidance, this can become problematic for neighbours, especially in apartments. Teaching a reliable “quiet” cue, rewarding calm behaviour, and ensuring they have enough mental and physical activity can greatly reduce nuisance barking.

Another point to consider is their sensitivity. Keeshonds are emotionally tuned in to their owners and can be affected by tension or conflict in the household. They respond poorly to harsh training methods or shouting and may become anxious if treated roughly. On the positive side, their sensitivity also means they are very eager to please and quick to learn when handled kindly. For people who want a close, responsive companion that is involved in every part of family life, the temperament of the Keeshond can be a perfect match. However, families should be realistic about their time and energy, since this breed does not enjoy a life on the sidelines or in a kennel.

Training & Exercise

Training a Keeshond is usually a rewarding experience because the breed is intelligent, curious, and strongly motivated by interaction with its people. They often excel when training feels like a fun game rather than a strict lesson. Short, varied sessions tend to work best, as many Keeshonds can become bored or distracted if asked to repeat the same exercise over and over. Reward based methods are especially effective. Using treats, toys, and enthusiastic praise helps them understand what is expected and keeps their naturally cheerful attitude intact.

Early puppy training should focus on the basics, such as coming when called, walking nicely on a lead, and learning to settle quietly. These skills will form the foundation for a well mannered adult dog. Because they are naturally alert and vocal, it is also wise to introduce calm behaviour and teach a “quiet” cue from an early age. For example, when your Keeshond barks at the door, you can thank them calmly for letting you know, then redirect them to a mat, ask for a sit, and reward silence. Consistency will soon teach them that they do not need to keep barking once they have raised the alarm.

Mental stimulation is just as important as physical exercise. Many Keeshonds enjoy activities that allow them to use their brains and senses, such as:

• Obedience or rally classes
• Trick training, from simple spins to more complex sequences
• Scent games, like finding hidden treats or toys
• Interactive puzzle toys or food dispensing feeders

These activities allow the dog to think and problem solve, which can be very satisfying for a smart, observant breed. They also help prevent boredom, which can otherwise lead to unwanted behaviours such as excessive barking, chewing, or pacing.

In terms of physical exercise, the Keeshond is active but usually not extreme. Most adult Keeshonds are happy with one or two good walks per day, combined with some playtime and free running in a safe, fenced area. They love exploring, sniffing, and investigating their surroundings, so allowing time for “sniff walks” can be very beneficial. Many also enjoy games such as fetch, gentle tug, or chasing toys on a rope. While they are not typically endurance athletes, they can adapt to a fairly active lifestyle and may enjoy hiking or longer weekend walks once fully grown.

Because of their coat, it is important to pay attention to weather conditions. In hot climates or during summer, walks should be scheduled during the cooler parts of the day, and fresh water should always be available. On cold days, the double coat provides good insulation, so Keeshonds often relish snow and crisp air, but they should still be monitored for signs of discomfort, especially in wet, windy conditions.

Many Keeshonds perform very well in dog sports that make use of their intelligence and agility. They can do nicely in agility, heelwork to music, and even some forms of dog dancing, where their animated movements and bouncy enthusiasm shine. Participation in these activities is not mandatory for a happy pet, but for interested owners they can be a wonderful way to build a deeper bond and channel the dog’s energy in a positive direction.

The key to success in training and exercise with this breed lies in understanding their combination of sensitivity and confidence. They are clever enough to understand what you want, but they also have their own opinions. Gentle consistency, patience, and a sense of humour go a long way. If you keep sessions enjoyable and fair, a Keeshond will usually respond with enthusiasm and, over time, can develop into a remarkably well behaved, attentive companion.

Health

Overall, the Keeshond is considered a relatively healthy and robust breed, especially when bred carefully and responsibly. Like all purebred dogs, however, there are certain health issues that appear more frequently and that prospective owners should be aware of. Understanding these concerns allows you to ask responsible questions when choosing a puppy and to work closely with your veterinarian throughout the dog’s life.

Some of the conditions that may be seen in the breed include:

• Hip dysplasia, a developmental condition of the hip joint that can lead to pain and reduced mobility
• Patellar luxation, where the kneecap can slip out of place, especially in lighter built individuals
• Elbow dysplasia in some lines
• Hereditary eye conditions, such as cataracts or progressive retinal atrophy, which can impair vision over time
• Certain hormonal or metabolic issues, including hypothyroidism in some dogs

Good breeders usually have their breeding dogs tested for several of these conditions. Hip scoring and, in some countries, elbow scoring help reduce the risk of joint disease in puppies. Eye examinations by a veterinary ophthalmologist can pick up inherited problems before they become severe. DNA tests may also be available for specific conditions in some lines. When speaking with a breeder, do not hesitate to ask what health tests they carry out and to see copies of the results. Responsible breeders welcome these questions and are proud to explain their efforts.

Lifespan for a Keeshond often falls in the range of 12 to 15 years, and many individuals stay active and playful well into their senior years. Supporting good health over this time involves a combination of sensible care, regular vet checkups, and an appropriate lifestyle. Key points include:

• Maintaining a healthy weight, as extra kilos can place strain on joints and the heart
• Feeding a high quality diet suitable for the dog’s age, size, and activity level
• Providing consistent but moderate exercise to keep muscles strong and joints flexible
• Keeping up to date with vaccinations, parasite control, and dental care

The thick double coat can sometimes hide minor skin issues, so owners should get into the habit of checking the skin during grooming sessions. Look for redness, sores, hotspots, or unusual odours, especially in areas where air circulation is limited, such as under the tail or behind the ears. If you notice your dog scratching more than usual or if the coat becomes dull and brittle, consult your vet to rule out allergies, infections, or underlying health problems.

Because the Keeshond is a deeply social breed, mental and emotional well being is as important as physical health. Chronic stress, boredom, or long term loneliness can lead to behavioural problems and may even weaken the immune system over time. Ensuring that your dog has meaningful daily interaction, training, and enrichment is part of keeping them healthy. Many owners also find that regular grooming, calm massage, and handling of paws, ears, and mouth help the dog feel secure and make veterinary visits less stressful.

For senior Keeshonds, periodic health checks are particularly valuable. Older dogs may develop arthritis, dental disease, or reduced organ function. Early detection often allows for more effective management, whether through medication, supplements, or adjustments to diet and exercise. Simple measures, such as providing supportive bedding, using non slip flooring in key areas, and adjusting the length of walks, can make a real difference to comfort and quality of life as the dog ages.

By choosing a well bred puppy, following your veterinarian’s advice, and paying attention to your dog’s daily condition, you greatly increase the chances of enjoying many happy, healthy years with a Keeshond at your side.

History & Origins

The Keeshond has a rich and interesting history that closely ties it to everyday people rather than to royalty or the nobility. The breed developed in the Netherlands as an all purpose companion and watchdog, particularly associated with barges that travelled along the country’s many canals and rivers. On these boats, Keeshonds watched over cargo, alerted owners to strangers, and served as cheerful companions on long journeys. Because of this role, they were sometimes called “Dutch barge dogs” in English speaking countries, a name that still appears now and then.

The exact origins of the Keeshond are not perfectly documented, but it is generally accepted that they belong to the larger family of spitz breeds that spread through northern Europe. These breeds share common features, such as erect ears, curled tails, and thick double coats adapted to cooler climates. Over time, local varieties emerged, and in the Netherlands a particular type became valued for its sharp watchfulness, friendly nature, and eye catching appearance. These dogs were often seen not only on barges, but also on farms and in towns, where they kept company with tradespeople and merchants.

The name “Keeshond” is linked to Dutch political history. In the eighteenth century, the breed became associated with the Patriot movement which opposed the ruling House of Orange. One of the movement’s leaders, Cornelis (Kees) de Gyselaer, reportedly owned a dog of this type, and the dog’s name, Kees, combined with the Dutch word “hond” for dog, is widely believed to have given the breed its modern name. During this period the Keeshond became a kind of symbol for the Patriots. When the movement eventually lost power, many people distanced themselves from its symbols, and the breed’s popularity declined for a time.

Despite these political ups and downs, the Keeshond survived among ordinary people who valued its loyal and practical nature. In the early twentieth century, breeders began to take a more organised interest in preserving and refining the breed. The Keeshond gained recognition by kennel clubs, and a standard was developed to describe the ideal appearance and temperament. The breed spread beyond the Netherlands to other European countries and eventually to Britain and North America, where it became appreciated as a charming family companion and a lovely show dog.

Today, the Keeshond’s role is mostly that of a companion and family pet, although its instinct to watch and alert remains strong. Many Keeshonds still take their “security duties” seriously, announcing visitors and keeping an eye on their surroundings. In the show ring, the breed is admired for its striking coat, classic spectacles, and confident, lively carriage. Outside the ring, Keeshonds participate in a variety of dog sports and activities, from obedience and agility to therapy work, where their friendly and sociable temperament can bring comfort to people in hospitals, care homes, and schools.

Modern breed enthusiasts continue to work on maintaining the health, temperament, and appearance that have defined the Keeshond over generations. They value the breed’s history as a dog of the people, close to family life and daily work, rather than as a purely ornamental animal. For today’s owners, this history helps explain many of the Keeshond’s behaviours, from its tendency to bark when something changes, to its strong wish to stay near its people. Understanding this background makes it easier to see the Keeshond not just as a beautiful dog, but as a living link to the everyday life of Dutch barges and canals.

Living with the Breed

Living with a Keeshond means sharing your life with a devoted, alert, and affectionate companion who thrives on involvement. Before bringing one home, it is useful to think carefully about how this breed will fit into your daily routine, housing situation, and long term plans. The Keeshond does best in a home where people are around for much of the day and are willing to include the dog in regular activities. This does not mean constant entertainment, but it does mean company, conversation, and shared time, whether that is during walks, training sessions, or simply relaxing on the sofa.

The level of commitment required is moderate to high. Grooming, while manageable with routine, still needs regular attention. Plan for at least one or two thorough brushing sessions each week, plus more frequent work during shedding seasons. This grooming time can become a pleasant ritual if started early and associated with treats and gentle handling. Teaching a puppy to enjoy being brushed, having its claws trimmed, and being examined all over is one of the most valuable investments you can make for stress free living later on.

Exercise and training also require consistent effort. Daily walks, play sessions, and short training exercises keep a Keeshond’s mind and body in good shape. If you work full time, consider whether someone can visit during the day or whether doggy day care might be an option a few times a week. Leaving a Keeshond alone for long days, every day, can lead to frustration and vocalisation that may disturb neighbours, especially in apartment buildings.

In terms of living space, the breed is adaptable. A Keeshond can live happily in a flat, townhouse, or house with a garden, as long as its exercise and mental needs are met. Outdoor access is a bonus, but it is important to remember that this is not a dog that should live outdoors alone. The coat protects against weather, but the mind and heart need companionship. Secure fencing is essential, since many dogs are naturally curious and may be tempted to explore if they see something interesting beyond the boundary.

Annual costs for keeping a Keeshond vary by country and lifestyle, but owners should budget for:

• Quality food appropriate for age and size
• Routine veterinary visits, vaccinations, and parasite prevention
• Pet insurance or a savings fund for unexpected medical expenses
• Grooming tools and occasional professional grooming if needed
• Training classes, toys, leads, and enrichment items

While the breed does not require professional grooming as intensely as some long haired breeds, some owners still choose to visit a groomer once or twice a year for a deep clean, drying, and coat check. The main ongoing cost will usually be food and veterinary care. Pet insurance can be a wise choice, particularly in countries where medical costs for animals are high, as it can help you make decisions based on what is best for your dog’s health rather than solely on finances.

Useful equipment for living comfortably with a Keeshond includes a sturdy harness or well fitted collar, a strong lead, and possibly a longer training line for safe off lead practice. At home, a comfortable bed placed in a quiet but not isolated corner allows the dog to rest while still feeling included. Non slip mats can help on smooth floors, especially for older dogs. Because of their intelligent and active mind, a selection of toys, puzzle feeders, and chew items will help keep them entertained. Simple items, such as a stuffed food toy frozen with wet food, can occupy a dog happily while you are busy.

Prospective owners should also consider the social aspect. Keeshonds are generally friendly and enjoy meeting people and other dogs, so regular walks in safe, social settings can be very rewarding. Many owners join breed clubs or local dog groups, which provide opportunities to share experiences, attend events, and learn more about training and care. For families with children, clear rules about how to interact gently and respectfully with the dog will make life smoother for everyone and prevent misunderstandings.

In return for this commitment, a Keeshond typically offers years of loyal companionship, daily smiles, and a strong presence in family life. They are the kind of dog that learns your routines, senses your moods, and often seems to know when you need a bit of comfort. For people who appreciate an attentive, expressive, and involved canine partner, living with a Keeshond can be a deeply rewarding experience that enriches everyday life.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

What kind of temperament does a Keeshond typically have?

They are generally friendly, alert, and people oriented, often bonding closely with the whole family. They tend to be social with visitors rather than aloof, and many retain a playful, puppy‑like attitude well into adulthood. Their sensitivity means they respond best to gentle, consistent training rather than harsh corrections.

How much grooming does a Keeshond’s thick coat really need?

The double coat needs thorough brushing at least once or twice a week, and more often during seasonal shedding. Regular grooming keeps mats from forming behind the ears, in the trousers, and around the neck ruff. They do not usually need frequent full baths, but nails, ears, and teeth should be maintained like any other companion dog.

Do Keeshonden shed a lot and how do I manage the fur?

They are heavy seasonal shedders and will “blow” their undercoat once or twice a year, which can mean large amounts of loose hair for a few weeks. Daily brushing with an undercoat rake during these times helps remove dead hair and reduce loose fur around the home. Outside shedding seasons, regular weekly grooming keeps hair more manageable.

Are Keeshonden good family dogs for homes with children?

They are typically very good with respectful children and enjoy being involved in family activities. Their medium size and sturdy build mean they usually tolerate gentle play, but supervision with young children is still important. Early socialization and teaching kids how to interact appropriately will help prevent accidental roughness on either side.

How much exercise does a Keeshond need each day?

They are active and intelligent but not extreme athletes. Most do well with about 45 to 60 minutes of physical activity spread through the day, plus some mental enrichment such as training games or puzzle toys. They enjoy walks, play sessions, and moderate dog sports more than intense, repetitive running.

Can a Keeshond live comfortably in an apartment or small home?

Yes, many adapt well to apartments if they receive enough daily exercise and mental stimulation. They like to be close to their people and are generally more focused on companionship than on having a large yard. Sound management and training to control barking are important in shared buildings, as they can be quite vocal.

Why are Keeshonden known as “Dutch barge dogs” and does that history affect their behavior today?

They originally worked as companions and alert dogs on Dutch river barges, staying close to people while watching their surroundings. This history contributes to their strong attachment to family and their natural tendency to bark at new sights or sounds. It also helps explain why many are comfortable in smaller spaces as long as they are included in daily life.

What health problems are Keeshonden prone to?

The breed can be predisposed to issues such as hip dysplasia, patellar luxation, and certain inherited eye conditions. Some lines may also have a risk of thyroid disease or skin problems. Choosing a breeder who screens breeding dogs and maintaining a healthy weight and exercise routine can help reduce overall risk.

Is the Keeshond’s thick coat suitable for hot climates?

The double coat provides some insulation from heat as well as cold, but they can still overheat in high temperatures. They do best with air conditioning, shade, fresh water, and exercise limited to cooler parts of the day. The coat should not be shaved, since it can damage coat quality and reduce natural protection.

Are Keeshonden very vocal and can their barking be controlled?

They tend to be quick to alert to sounds or movement, a trait linked to their original role as watchdogs on barges. With consistent training and clear cues for quiet, most can learn to bark less on command and settle more easily. Adequate exercise and mental stimulation also help reduce boredom related barking.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
• Dansk Kennel Klub (Danish Kennel Club)
• Norwegian Kennel Club