Bullmastiff

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Powerful guardian that was originally bred to quietly catch and hold poachers on English estates at night
• Calm, confident temperament that prefers to deter trouble rather than start it
• Short, easy-care coat, but a solid, muscular body that needs space and strong handling
• Deeply loyal to its family, often forming a particularly close bond with one main person
• Needs consistent early training and socialisation to balance its natural protectiveness

Appearance & Coat

The Bullmastiff is a large, solidly built dog with a strong and compact frame. At first glance it looks imposing, but the outline should never seem coarse or sluggish. Adult males usually stand around 64 to 69 cm at the shoulder, with females slightly smaller at 61 to 66 cm. The weight typically ranges from about 45 to 59 kg, depending on sex, build, and condition. The body is slightly longer than tall, with a broad chest, well sprung ribs, and strong, straight limbs that give a powerful but controlled stride.

The head is one of the breed’s most distinctive features. It is broad and square, with a pronounced stop and a short, wide muzzle. The muzzle is shorter than the skull, giving the characteristic Bullmastiff expression. There is some wrinkling on the forehead when the dog is attentive, which adds to the alert and intelligent look. The eyes are medium sized, dark or hazel, and set wide apart. Ears are V shaped, set high and to the sides, and carried close to the cheeks, which helps accentuate the square shape of the head.

The coat of the Bullmastiff is short, dense, and lies close to the body. It should feel firm rather than silky. This type of coat offers a good level of protection without requiring complex grooming, which many owners appreciate. Accepted colours include brindle, fawn, and red, in various shades, always with a black mask on the muzzle. A small white patch on the chest is allowed, but extensive white markings are not typical for the breed.

Coat care is relatively straightforward, although regular attention helps control shedding and keeps the skin healthy. A weekly brush with a rubber grooming mitt or soft bristle brush is usually enough to remove dead hair and stimulate the skin’s natural oils. During seasonal shedding, brushing two or three times per week can reduce hair around the home. Because the coat is short, bathing does not need to be frequent. A bath every couple of months, or when the dog becomes dirty or develops a noticeable odour, is usually sufficient. Always use a mild dog shampoo to avoid drying the skin.

Special attention should be given to the skin folds on the face. While the Bullmastiff is not as heavily wrinkled as some breeds, light folds can trap moisture and dirt. Gently wiping the face with a damp cloth and drying it carefully can help prevent irritation. Regular checks of the ears, teeth, and nails are also important. Clean the ears as needed with a dog-safe ear cleaner, brush the teeth several times a week, and keep the nails trimmed to a comfortable length. Although the coat is low maintenance compared with many other breeds, the Bullmastiff’s size means that grooming sessions should be well organised, with a non-slip surface and rewards to keep the dog calm and cooperative.

Temperament & Personality

The Bullmastiff’s temperament is one of its greatest strengths. Despite its impressive size and guarding heritage, a well bred and well raised Bullmastiff is typically calm, confident, and deeply devoted to its family. Many owners describe them as “quiet shadows” that like to stay close to their people, moving from room to room to keep an eye on everything. They are not usually dogs that demand constant attention in an excitable way, but they like to be nearby and part of everyday life.

With family members, the Bullmastiff is generally gentle and affectionate. They often form particularly strong attachments, sometimes choosing one person as their main focus, while still being loving with the rest of the household. This strong bond is one reason why they do not do well with long periods of isolation. Left alone for many hours every day, a Bullmastiff can become bored, anxious, or destructive. They thrive in homes where someone is around for a good part of the day or where routines are predictable and reassuring.

With children, the Bullmastiff can be a patient and tolerant companion, especially when raised with them from a young age. Their calm nature often suits family life, and many Bullmastiffs will accept the noise and movement of children without concern. However, their size and weight mean that supervision is vital. Even a friendly Bullmastiff can accidentally bump or knock over a small child during play. Teaching children to respect the dog’s space, avoid rough handling, and read simple canine body language is just as important as training the dog itself.

When it comes to strangers, the Bullmastiff tends to be reserved rather than outgoing. This is a guardian by nature, so it usually does not warmly greet unfamiliar people at first meeting. Instead, it will calmly observe. Properly socialised Bullmastiffs should not be aggressive without reason, but they may position themselves between their owner and a stranger, or they may stand close and watch until they decide all is safe. Guests who are invited and welcomed by the owner are usually accepted, although the dog may choose to stay quietly nearby rather than actively seeking attention.

Interactions with other dogs can vary quite a bit. Some Bullmastiffs live happily with other dogs, especially if they are opposite sex and introduced carefully. Others can be more selective or intolerant, particularly dogs of the same sex or those that challenge them. Early socialisation, calm introductions, and good management in public places are essential. Dog parks filled with off lead, unfamiliar dogs are usually not ideal environments for a Bullmastiff. Controlled on lead walks, structured play with known dogs, and training classes are safer options.

Inside the home, the Bullmastiff tends to be relaxed and relatively low energy, provided its exercise needs are met. Many are content to snooze near their owner’s feet, rising only to investigate unusual sounds. However, they can be surprisingly playful and clownish in short bursts, especially when younger. Owners should be prepared for occasional moments of “zoomies” from an otherwise dignified dog, and should have enough space for a large dog to move safely indoors.

Common challenges with the breed include:

• Stubbornness or independence when asked to do something they find boring
• Protective instincts that can lead to over guarding if not guided correctly
• Drooling, especially around food or after drinking
• A tendency to underestimate their own size and attempt to be lap dogs

A Bullmastiff owner must appreciate the combination of calm affection and natural protective instinct. When this is shaped through positive experiences, training, and clear boundaries, the result is a loyal, steady companion that fits well into family life.

Training & Exercise

Training a Bullmastiff requires a thoughtful balance of firmness, fairness, and patience. These dogs are intelligent and capable, but they are not usually driven to please in the same way as some working or herding breeds. Instead, they like to understand why something is worth doing. This can appear as stubbornness, but in reality it is often a thoughtful, measured temperament. If training becomes repetitive or harsh, they may simply switch off.

Positive reinforcement methods are highly effective with Bullmastiffs. Using food rewards, toys, praise, and calm affection helps keep them engaged and cooperative. Short, varied training sessions usually work better than long, intensive drills. For example, practicing a few sits, downs, and recalls during a walk, or incorporating training into daily routines around feeding and going outside, keeps learning practical and interesting. Consistency is vital. A Bullmastiff quickly notices if rules change depending on the day, and this can lead to confusion and testing of boundaries.

Early training should focus on:

• Reliable recall, even with distractions
• Loose lead walking, taking into account the dog’s weight and strength
• Calm greetings and impulse control at doors and gates
• Handling and grooming practice, so a large dog is easy to manage at the vet or groomer

Because Bullmastiffs grow large very quickly, leash manners and basic obedience are not optional. A young Bullmastiff that pulls, jumps, or ignores cues will soon become difficult, and potentially unsafe, for many people to handle. Puppy classes and basic obedience courses are valuable, not only for skills but also for socialisation with people and other dogs in a controlled environment.

In terms of exercise, the Bullmastiff’s needs are moderate for a large working breed. They are not endurance runners, but they do require regular physical activity to maintain muscle tone, joint health, and mental balance. Two good walks per day, combined with some free movement in a secure garden, are a common pattern for adult dogs. The exact amount will depend on age, health, and individual temperament. Some Bullmastiffs are content with calmer strolls and relaxed play, while others enjoy more active games or longer hikes.

It is important to protect the joints of growing puppies. During the first year, and especially in the first 6 to 8 months, avoid forcing long runs, repetitive jumping, or climbing many stairs. Short, frequent walks on soft ground, free play on grass, and gentle exploration are better than long, structured exercise. A helpful rule of thumb is to gradually increase walks according to age, and to end exercise with the puppy still willing to go, rather than exhausted.

Mental exercise is just as important as physical activity. The Bullmastiff enjoys problem solving and practical work. Activities that often suit the breed include:

• Nose work games, such as searching for treats or toys in the garden
• Basic tracking exercises, following a scent trail left by the owner
• Obedience and manners training with clear, real life goals
• Controlled tug games, which also build a useful “drop” cue

Some Bullmastiffs also enjoy low impact dog sports such as scentwork or rally style obedience, provided they are introduced in a gentle and supportive way. High impact activities, like intense agility with lots of jumping, are usually not ideal for their heavy build.

Guarding behaviours should be guided carefully. The Bullmastiff does not need specialised protection training. In fact, such training can easily overwhelm the dog’s natural judgment and self control. Simple obedience, good socialisation, and a calm, confident owner are normally enough for the Bullmastiff to grow into a reliable family guardian who protects when truly necessary, but lives peacefully the rest of the time.

Ultimately, training and exercise for a Bullmastiff are about building trust and cooperation. When this large, thoughtful dog understands what is expected and feels secure with its people, it can be one of the most steady and dependable breeds to live with.

Health

The Bullmastiff is a generally robust and resilient breed, but like all large dogs it is predisposed to certain health issues that responsible owners and breeders should be aware of. Understanding these concerns allows better prevention, early detection, and appropriate care throughout the dog’s life.

Joint and skeletal problems are among the most significant issues. Hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia are relatively common in large, heavy breeds. These conditions involve abnormal development of the joints, which can lead to pain, stiffness, and arthritis. Reputable breeders typically screen their breeding dogs through official hip and elbow scoring schemes. For owners, maintaining a healthy weight, providing sensible exercise, and avoiding excessive strain during growth are key ways to support joint health. If a Bullmastiff shows signs of difficulty rising, reluctance to jump, lameness, or reduced activity, a veterinary examination is important.

Another concern in large, deep chested dogs is gastric dilatation volvulus, also known as bloat. This is a serious, life threatening condition in which the stomach fills with gas and may twist. It develops quickly and requires immediate veterinary treatment. Typical signs include a swollen or tight abdomen, restlessness, unproductive vomiting attempts, pale gums, and signs of pain. To reduce risk, many owners feed several smaller meals per day instead of one large meal, avoid vigorous exercise around feeding times, and discourage rapid swallowing of food. Some owners and veterinarians also discuss preventive surgical procedures, such as gastropexy, particularly if there is a family history of bloat.

The Bullmastiff’s short muzzle means it can be prone to some degree of brachycephalic related breathing difficulty, especially if over the breed standard in heaviness or if it becomes overweight. Responsible breeding aims for a functional, open airway and good nostrils rather than an extreme short face. Owners should monitor for signs of breathing distress, such as loud breathing at rest, exercise intolerance in mild weather, or overheating. In hot or humid conditions, care must be taken to provide shade, cool resting areas, and moderate exercise only at cooler times of day.

Eye conditions such as entropion and ectropion, where the eyelids roll inward or outward, can appear in the breed. These can cause irritation or recurrent infections if not managed. Responsible breeders typically have their breeding stock examined by veterinary ophthalmologists, and potential owners can ask about eye testing in the breeder’s lines. Regular checks at home for redness, discharge, or squinting are also useful.

Other issues that may be seen in Bullmastiffs include certain heart problems, such as cardiomyopathy, as well as some cancers that are unfortunately more prevalent in large, older dogs. Regular veterinary check ups, including listening to the heart and monitoring weight and general condition, help in spotting early signs. Blood tests and imaging may be recommended for older dogs to catch changes in organ function sooner.

The typical lifespan of a Bullmastiff is around 8 to 10 years, with some dogs living longer when well managed and free of serious genetic disease. Nutrition plays a key role in overall health. A high quality diet formulated for large breeds, particularly during growth, helps support bone and joint development. Adults benefit from careful portion control because even a few excess kilograms significantly increase strain on joints and the heart. Owners should be able to easily feel, but not see, the ribs, and the waist should be visible from above.

Health tests that are commonly recommended for breeding Bullmastiffs include:

• Hip and elbow evaluations
• Eye examinations by a specialist
• Cardiac evaluation where recommended by the national breed club

Prospective puppy buyers should feel comfortable asking breeders about test results, typical issues seen in the lines, and the breeder’s approach to health and longevity.

Routine care such as vaccination, parasite control, dental care, and nail trimming also contributes strongly to a Bullmastiff’s wellbeing. Because they are stoic dogs, they may hide pain or discomfort. Owners who know their dog well often notice subtle changes, like reduced enthusiasm for walks or a change in posture, which can signal that a veterinary visit is needed. Attentive, proactive health management helps ensure that the Bullmastiff’s years are as active and comfortable as possible.

History & Origins

The Bullmastiff’s history is closely tied to the English countryside and the protection of large estates. The breed was developed in the 19th century, during a time when poaching was a serious problem for landowners. Gamekeepers needed a dog that could help them catch and hold poachers at night without causing serious injury. The traditional Mastiff of the time was large and powerful, but often considered too slow for quick pursuit. The Bulldog of that era, quite different from today’s show Bulldog, was more agile and had great tenacity, but lacked the size and presence needed to physically overpower a man.

To combine the best qualities of these two types, gamekeepers began crossing Mastiffs with Bulldogs, refining the combination over several generations. The result was the Bullmastiff, sometimes called the “Gamekeeper’s Night Dog.” The ideal dog would track quietly, move swiftly, and then use its weight to knock down and pin an intruder until the gamekeeper arrived. This role demanded courage, self control, and a reliable temperament. The dog had to be serious about its work yet responsive to its handler’s commands, never acting with uncontrolled aggression.

As the social and legal landscape changed and large private estates became less isolated, the need for gamekeeper’s dogs declined. However, the impressive presence and loyal nature of the Bullmastiff did not go unnoticed. The breed gradually moved from purely working roles into wider recognition. Kennel clubs started to acknowledge and standardise the breed in the early 20th century, with carefully written breed standards describing the ideal appearance and temperament.

Over time, dedicated breeders focused on stabilising type, improving structure, and preserving the distinctive character of the Bullmastiff. They worked to maintain the dog’s natural guarding instinct while softening some of the sharpness that may have been necessary in its earliest working days. The goal became a reliable family guardian that would still deter threats, but live calmly within the household.

Today, the Bullmastiff is primarily a companion and family protector. Many still serve as guard dogs for homes, farms, and businesses, where their imposing looks and steady temperament are highly valued. Others work in more specialised roles. In some countries, Bullmastiffs have been used by security services or as patrol dogs, where their strength and presence are assets. At the same time, a large number simply enjoy a quieter life as cherished family members, accompanying their owners on walks, relaxing in the garden, and offering silent reassurance with their steady presence.

In the show ring, the Bullmastiff is part of the working or utility group, depending on the kennel club. Conformation shows have helped maintain consistency in type across different countries, while national breed clubs promote responsible breeding, education, and health initiatives. The breed remains less common than some other large guardian dogs, which many enthusiasts appreciate, as it allows for a more close knit community of breeders and owners focused on preserving quality rather than chasing popularity.

Despite the shift from catching poachers in the dark to sleeping peacefully on the living room floor, the essence of the Bullmastiff’s history is still visible in the modern dog. The quiet confidence, readiness to intervene if truly needed, and strong loyalty to its people are the same traits that made it such a valued partner to gamekeepers more than a century ago. Understanding this background helps explain the breed’s behaviour today and reminds owners that behind the calm exterior lies a working heritage that deserves respect and thoughtful management.

Living with the Breed

Living with a Bullmastiff is both rewarding and demanding. This is not a casual choice for someone who simply wants a big, impressive dog. It is a serious commitment to a large, powerful animal that depends heavily on its owner for guidance, companionship, and structure. When these needs are met, a Bullmastiff can be one of the most stable and reassuring companions a family could wish for.

New owners should first consider the space and lifestyle they can offer. While the Bullmastiff does not require a huge property, it does need enough room to move comfortably. A house with direct access to a secure garden or yard is ideal. Apartments are possible for experienced owners if there are lifts, safe walking areas nearby, and a clear plan for regular outdoor time, but stairs can be hard on growing joints and older dogs. Inside, sturdy furniture and clear walkways reduce the chance of bumping and breakage from a wagging tail or an enthusiastic turn.

Financial commitment is another factor that should not be underestimated. Large dogs are more expensive to keep than small ones. Annual costs typically include:

• High quality large breed food, which can be significant given the dog’s size
• Routine veterinary care such as vaccinations, parasite prevention, and check ups
• Pet insurance, which is often advisable for large breeds prone to certain health issues
• Occasional specialist care, for example for joint problems or eye conditions
• Equipment like strong leads, well fitted harnesses, large beds, and safe transport crates

Many owners also budget for training classes, boarding or pet sitting during holidays, and replacement of items that may wear out more quickly under the weight and use of a Bullmastiff.

Daily life with the breed revolves around calm routines. Most Bullmastiffs are content with:

• Two decent walks per day
• Regular opportunities to relieve themselves and stretch in a secure area
• Time spent simply near their people, whether resting or gently interacting
• Short training or mental games throughout the week

They do not cope well with being left alone for very long working days, particularly without prior training for alone time. If the household is out for extended hours, arrangements such as a trusted dog sitter, dog friendly workplace, or family member at home become important.

Useful equipment for Bullmastiff owners includes a wide, well padded collar or a properly fitted harness that does not restrict shoulder movement. Very thin collars can be uncomfortable and potentially damaging. A strong, comfortable lead that gives good grip is essential, given the dog’s power. For travel, a secure crate or a solid barrier in the car protects both dog and passengers. Because Bullmastiffs like soft resting spots, a thick, supportive bed that cushions joints is a wise investment.

Early socialisation is a central part of living with a Bullmastiff. Puppies should be carefully introduced to a wide variety of people, environments, sounds, and other animals in a positive way. This helps prevent excessive suspicion later in life. Controlled visits to town streets, calm encounters with friendly visitors at home, and exposure to different surfaces and surroundings all build confidence. At the same time, rest is important. Young Bullmastiffs grow quickly and need plenty of sleep to avoid becoming overtired and irritable.

Owners also need to consider the practicalities that come with size. Things like:

• Teaching the dog to wait calmly before exiting doors, both for safety and control
• Training polite behaviour around food, since a Bullmastiff can easily snatch from counters
• Managing drool, especially after drinking or in anticipation of meals, with strategic placement of towels or mats
• Planning where the dog will stay during family events, visits from small children, or times of high activity

Good manners are not simply pleasant extras. They are essential for safety and harmony. A 50 kg dog that pulls, jumps, or guards resources can quickly become overwhelming. Investing time in training from the beginning prevents many problems later.

Emotionally, Bullmastiffs are often sensitive and deeply attached to their families. Rough handling, shouting, or unpredictable rules can undermine their confidence. They respond best to a calm, confident owner who is clear and consistent. When boundaries are kind but firm, and affection is freely given in a stable environment, most Bullmastiffs settle into a relaxed rhythm. They seem happiest when they feel their job is to quietly watch over their people, whether that is in a busy family home or with a single, dedicated owner.

For those who are prepared, living with a Bullmastiff brings a sense of security and companionship that is hard to match. Their quiet presence, gentle affection, and unwavering loyalty create a strong bond. Understanding their needs for guidance, space, and respect for their strength allows this impressive breed to flourish as a safe and loving member of the household.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

Is a Bullmastiff a good family dog for homes with children?

This breed is typically gentle and protective with children, especially those in its own household. Their large size and strength mean supervision is important, particularly around small kids who might be knocked over. Early socialization and clear boundaries help them learn to be calm, respectful companions. Families also need to be comfortable managing a powerful dog with guarding instincts.

How much exercise does a Bullmastiff really need?

They are a relatively low to moderate energy working breed that needs daily walks and some play, rather than intense running or long-distance jogging. Two to three moderate walks and short training or play sessions are usually sufficient for most adults. Too much repetitive high-impact exercise, especially when young, can stress their joints. Mental stimulation through training and scent games is just as important as physical activity.

Can a Bullmastiff live in an apartment or small home?

Despite their size, many do well in apartments or smaller homes as long as they receive consistent daily exercise and human interaction. They are typically calm indoors and do not require large yards, but they do need space to move comfortably. Stairs can be difficult for some, especially those with joint issues. Good leash manners and regular outdoor time are essential in a dense living environment.

Are Bullmastiffs aggressive or dangerous to strangers?

They were historically bred as silent guardians, so they are naturally wary of unfamiliar people while being devoted to their families. With good breeding, early socialization and sensible handling, most are steady and controlled rather than overtly aggressive. Poor socialization, harsh training or being encouraged to be overly protective can create serious behavior problems. Owners must be experienced enough to manage a large dog with strong protective instincts.

What are the most common health problems in Bullmastiffs?

They are prone to several orthopedic issues such as hip and elbow dysplasia, as well as cruciate ligament tears due to their weight. Other concerns include certain cancers, bloat, heart disease and eye problems. Responsible breeders screen for joint, cardiac and eye conditions to reduce risk. Regular vet checks, weight control and prompt attention to any limping or lethargy are especially important.

How much grooming and drool should I expect with a Bullmastiff?

They have a short coat that sheds moderately and usually needs only weekly brushing plus routine bathing. The bigger concern for many owners is drooling, which can be significant, especially after drinking, eating or exercising. Face wrinkles and lips should be wiped and kept clean to prevent irritation or infection. Nail trimming and ear checks are also important due to their weight and ear shape.

At what age do Bullmastiffs stop growing and filling out?

They grow quickly in height during the first year but continue to fill out and gain muscle until about 2 to 3 years of age. Males in particular can look lanky as adolescents before they mature into their full, substantial build. Joint-friendly exercise and careful nutrition are crucial during this long growth phase. Overfeeding in an attempt to speed up growth can increase the risk of orthopedic issues.

Are Bullmastiffs suitable for first-time dog owners?

Their calm nature can be appealing, but their size, strength and guarding instincts make them challenging for many first-time owners. They require consistent, confident handling, early training and careful socialization. Those new to dogs should be prepared to work closely with a reputable breeder and experienced trainer. A realistic understanding of the physical and legal responsibilities of owning a giant guardian breed is essential.

Do Bullmastiffs get along with other dogs and pets?

Many can live peacefully with other household pets, especially if raised with them from a young age. However, same-sex dog aggression or intolerance of unfamiliar dogs is not uncommon in this breed. Careful introductions, supervision and early socialization help, but owners should not expect them to be universally dog-friendly. Secure fencing and thoughtful management in multi-dog homes are important for safety.

What kind of training works best for a Bullmastiff?

They respond well to calm, consistent training that uses rewards and firm but fair boundaries. Harsh or overly physical methods can damage trust and may provoke resistance in such a powerful dog. Short, engaging sessions that build impulse control and good manners around people and other animals are especially important. Early focus on leash walking, recall and polite greetings sets the foundation for safe adult behavior.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Sweden)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI)
• Dansk Kennel Klub (Denmark)
• Verein für Deutsche Spitze (Germany)