Saint Bernard

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Gentle giant known for patience and kindness with children, often called a “nanny dog” in families.
• Powerful mountain breed originally developed by monks in the Swiss Alps for rescue and companionship.
• Impressive size, with many adults weighing as much as a grown human, yet usually very calm indoors.
• Thick double coat that sheds heavily and brings seasonal “blowouts,” plus plenty of drool and slobber.
• Needs moderate daily exercise and careful management of diet and joints to support a long, comfortable life.

Appearance & Coat

A Saint Bernard is the sort of dog you notice from across a field. This is a very large, strongly built working breed with a solid, muscular frame and a broad, expressive head. Males are usually taller and more massive than females, but both sexes share the same unmistakable outline. The body is slightly longer than it is tall, giving the dog a rectangular shape that balances power with stability. The chest is deep and wide, the back is straight and firm, and the legs are strong with substantial bone. When you see a Saint Bernard move at a trot, there should be a sense of effortless drive rather than heaviness.

The head is one of the breed’s most distinctive features. The skull is broad and slightly domed, with a well-defined stop and a strong, wide muzzle. The eyes are medium sized and set forward, giving a gentle, intelligent expression that many owners fall in love with immediately. There is often some loose skin around the head that creates wrinkles and a characteristic furrow over the eyes. Ears are medium sized, set fairly high, and lie close to the cheeks, softening the overall look of the face.

Saint Bernards come in two coat varieties: short haired and long haired. The short haired variety has a dense, smooth coat that lies close to the body, with slightly longer hair on the thighs and tail. The long haired variety has a medium length coat with feathering on the legs and tail, and a somewhat rougher texture on the body. In both cases the undercoat is thick and insulating, designed to protect the dog from cold and damp conditions in the mountains.

Typical colors are white with red, orange, or brindle patches, often forming a “saddle” on the back. White markings on the chest, paws, tail tip, neck, and nose are very common, and many Saint Bernards have a white blaze on the face and a dark mask around the eyes. These markings are part of the breed’s traditional look and are often associated with old paintings and stories of rescue dogs in the Alps.

Coat care is an important part of living with a Saint Bernard, but it does not need to be complicated. Both coat types shed heavily, especially in spring and autumn. A practical routine is:

• Brush thoroughly two or three times per week with a slicker brush or pin brush to remove loose hair and prevent tangles.
• During shedding seasons, increase brushing to most days to keep hair under control and support skin health.
• Check and gently clean the ears regularly, as the drop ears can trap moisture and debris.
• Wipe the facial folds with a soft cloth if they become damp or dirty, to avoid irritation.

Bathing every few months, or when the dog becomes muddy or smelly, is usually enough. Overbathing can dry the skin, so it is better to focus on regular brushing. Long haired Saint Bernards may need occasional trimming of the fur between the paw pads and under the ears, but the coat should keep its natural shape. A high quality vacuum cleaner and a good lint roller will become valuable tools in any Saint Bernard home, as hair and a bit of drool will be part of daily life.

Temperament & Personality

The Saint Bernard is often described as a gentle, calm, and affectionate companion, and that reputation is largely deserved. This breed was developed not only to work in harsh mountain conditions, but also to live very closely with monks and travelers. As a result, many Saint Bernards show a strong desire to be near their people and to form deep emotional bonds with their families. They are usually happiest when included in daily life, whether that means lying under the kitchen table, watching children play, or following the family from room to room.

Around children, a well bred and well socialized Saint Bernard can be exceptionally patient and tolerant. Many owners say their dog will quietly accept clumsy hugs, gentle climbing, or the occasional loud game, then simply get up and move away when they need space. Their sheer size is something to respect though. Even a friendly Saint Bernard can accidentally knock over a toddler or bump into a small child when excited. Supervision, stable training, and teaching children to treat the dog with respect are all essential. The ideal situation is a partnership, where the dog understands boundaries and the children understand that this is a living being, not a toy.

With adults, the breed tends to be affectionate without being constantly demanding. A typical Saint Bernard will enjoy cuddling on the sofa, resting a huge head on your lap, or simply lying at your feet. They are often very people oriented and may follow their owners like a shadow. Many are naturally protective in a quiet, reassuring way. They may place themselves between their family and a perceived threat, or bark a warning if someone approaches the property. However, most are not aggressive by nature and prefer to use their size and presence rather than force.

With other dogs, Saint Bernards can be friendly and sociable, especially if they are well socialized from puppyhood. Some may be a little reserved at first, but most enjoy calm canine company. Because of their size, it is important to manage introductions carefully and avoid rough play with much smaller dogs. Their intentions may be gentle, but a playful paw from such a large dog can be overwhelming. With cats and other small pets, many Saint Bernards learn to coexist peacefully, particularly if they are raised together. Early positive experiences and controlled introductions are key.

There are some common challenges. A Saint Bernard can be stubborn or slow to respond if they do not see a clear reason to follow a command, so patience is necessary. Some lines may be more timid or more dominant than others, which makes choosing a responsible breeder very important. The breed is also known for drooling, snoring, and occasionally being clumsy indoors. They often love food, which can lead to begging or weight gain if rules are not consistent.

Noise levels are usually moderate. Many Saint Bernards are not constant barkers, but they do have a deep, powerful voice and will let you know if something unusual is happening. In daily life, expect a calm, affectionate, sometimes slightly lazy giant who thrives on human contact and a peaceful environment. Provided they are given structure, socialization, and inclusion in family life, a Saint Bernard can be one of the most loving and comforting companions you will ever meet.

Training & Exercise

Training a Saint Bernard is less about drilling intense obedience and more about building a polite, reliable companion who understands how to behave in a human world. These dogs are intelligent and capable learners, but they are also sensitive and can be a little independent. Harsh corrections, shouting, or physical punishment are very likely to damage trust and may make the dog shut down or resist. Instead, the most effective approach combines consistency, positive reinforcement, and clear rules from an early age.

From the first weeks at home, focus on simple, practical skills. A reliable recall, loose leash walking, and solid “sit,” “down,” and “stay” commands are far more important for a Saint Bernard than flashy tricks. Because of their size, a young puppy who pulls on the leash or jumps up in greeting can become very difficult to manage as an adult. Reward calm behavior, especially when the puppy chooses to sit or lie down instead of leaping at people. Many owners find it useful to teach a “go to your mat” or “place” cue, so the dog has a specific spot to settle when guests arrive or when the house is busy.

Short, fun training sessions work best. A Saint Bernard puppy has limited attention span and should not be pushed into long repetitions. Use small, tasty treats, toys, or praise, and end on a positive note. Many enjoy training for food and will happily learn when they feel the effort is worthwhile. As the dog matures, you can gradually increase the difficulty of tasks and introduce more advanced obedience or even fun activities such as scent games or search exercises in the garden. This can appeal to their heritage as rescue dogs and give them mental stimulation without excessive physical strain.

Exercise needs for a Saint Bernard are moderate, but they do need regular movement to stay healthy and mentally balanced. They are not natural marathon runners, nor are they couch ornaments who can manage with just a quick trip outside. A good adult routine usually includes:

• Two or three daily walks of 20 to 40 minutes each, depending on age and fitness.
• Some off leash time in a safe, fenced area where they can sniff, explore, and move at their own pace.
• Occasional longer outings, such as hikes on cool days, for physically mature dogs that are used to this level of activity.

Puppies and young adolescents require special care. Their joints and bones are growing, and too much forced exercise or jumping can increase the risk of joint problems later in life. Avoid long runs, biking with the dog, repeated stair climbing, and high impact games until full physical maturity, which may not be reached until around two years of age. Instead, choose several short walks, gentle play on soft ground, and plenty of rest.

Many Saint Bernards enjoy specific activities that suit their build and temperament. Cart pulling, also called drafting, can be a rewarding hobby for adults in good health. Some take part in search and rescue training or tracking, while others enjoy low impact dog sports designed for large breeds. Mental exercise is just as important as physical exercise. Puzzle feeders, chew toys, hide and seek with treats, and teaching new tricks can all help keep a Saint Bernard’s mind active.

Heat sensitivity is a serious concern. With a thick coat and large body, these dogs can overheat easily. In warm weather, walk early in the morning and later in the evening, provide plenty of shade and fresh water, and avoid intense exercise in the heat. On hot days, many Saint Bernards are content with very gentle activities indoors and a cool spot on the floor.

With thoughtful training and appropriate exercise, a Saint Bernard becomes a stable, cooperative companion who can fit into many types of households. The key is to invest time early, respect the dog’s physical limits, and focus on building a relationship based on trust rather than force.

Health

Like many large and giant breeds, the Saint Bernard has particular health issues that potential owners need to understand. This does not mean every Saint Bernard will become ill, but it does mean you should choose a breeder who screens their dogs carefully and be prepared for the responsibilities that come with such a big companion.

One of the main concerns is joint health. Hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia occur in the breed and can lead to pain, lameness, or early arthritis. Responsible breeders use X ray evaluations of hips and elbows and only breed from dogs with acceptable results. For owners, controlling the puppy’s growth rate, avoiding obesity, and limiting high impact activities during growth are essential steps in protecting the joints. Providing a non slip floor surface and a supportive bed also helps reduce strain on the skeleton.

Because of their large barrel chest, Saint Bernards are at risk for gastric dilatation volvulus, often called bloat or torsion. This is a life threatening condition where the stomach fills with gas and can twist. Symptoms include a swollen abdomen, unproductive retching, restlessness, and signs of pain. Immediate veterinary care is critical. To reduce the risk, many owners feed two or three smaller meals per day rather than one large one, avoid intense exercise right before or after meals, and use slow feeder bowls for dogs that eat quickly. Some owners choose a preventive surgical procedure known as gastropexy, especially if their veterinarian recommends it.

Eye problems can also occur. Entropion and ectropion, where the eyelids roll inward or outward, are seen in the breed and can cause irritation or infections. Cherry eye and other eyelid or gland issues may appear as well. Regular eye checks, both at home and with a veterinarian, are important. Breeders may use specialist eye examinations to help reduce the risk of inherited eye conditions.

Heart health should not be overlooked. Some Saint Bernards can develop dilated cardiomyopathy or other cardiac issues. Breeders who perform heart examinations and involve veterinary cardiologists contribute to a healthier population. For owners, regular checkups, a healthy weight, and appropriate exercise for the dog’s condition are essential.

Other possible issues include:

• Certain types of cancer, which can be more frequent in larger breeds.
• Skin problems, such as hot spots or infections under the loose skin or in the folds, especially if the coat is not kept clean and dry.
• Ear infections, due to the shape and position of the ears.
• Neurological or skeletal conditions related to fast growth or heavy build in some lines.

The typical lifespan of a Saint Bernard is shorter than that of smaller breeds, often in the range of 8 to 10 years, although some dogs live longer with good care and a bit of luck. Providing a balanced, high quality diet, maintaining a lean body condition, and taking the dog for regular veterinary examinations will all contribute to a better quality of life. Many owners arrange yearly health checks, including blood tests and dental inspections, especially after middle age.

If you are buying a puppy, asking the breeder about health tests is crucial. At a minimum, parents should have hip and elbow evaluations, and ideally also eye and heart checks according to national or breed club recommendations. A responsible breeder will be open about any known issues in their lines and will give honest information about what to expect as the dog grows older.

Health insurance is highly recommended for Saint Bernard owners. Veterinary treatment for a giant breed can be expensive, particularly surgeries or emergency care. Planning for these costs in advance can avoid painful decisions later. With careful breeding, thoughtful management, and attentive daily care, many Saint Bernards enjoy active, affectionate lives with their families.

History & Origins

The Saint Bernard’s story is closely tied to the mountains that share its name. The breed’s roots lie in the Great St. Bernard Pass, a high and often treacherous route through the Alps between what is now Switzerland and Italy. For centuries, travelers, merchants, and pilgrims crossed this pass, sometimes in severe snowstorms and extreme cold. Around the 11th century, a hospice was founded there by monks, who dedicated themselves to offering shelter and assistance to those making the dangerous journey.

Over time, the monks began to keep large farm dogs, likely descended from mastiff type dogs and local mountain dogs, to help guard the hospice and accompany them through the snow. These early dogs were not yet called Saint Bernards, but they are considered the ancestors of the modern breed. They were valued for their strength, ability to navigate deep snow, and strong sense of direction. Legends tell of these dogs finding lost travelers, guiding them back to safety, and sometimes lying on top of people who were freezing in order to warm them with their own body heat.

One famous dog named Barry has become a symbol of the breed’s devotion. He reportedly saved more than 40 people during his life in the early 19th century. Many depictions of Saint Bernards show a dog wearing a small barrel around its neck, supposedly filled with brandy to revive travelers. While this image is romantic and well known, there is little evidence that real rescue dogs actually carried such barrels. The story persists because it captures the spirit of a brave, warm hearted dog helping people in the snow.

By the 19th century, the dogs from the hospice were becoming known outside the region. Travelers took them home and spread their reputation for rescue work and companionship. At times, the original stock at the hospice suffered from disease and harsh conditions, and crosses were made with other large breeds such as the Newfoundland. This influenced the coat length and build of the dogs, and it is one reason why both short haired and long haired varieties exist today.

The name “Saint Bernard” became commonly used in the late 19th century, replacing earlier names such as “Hospice Dog” or “Barry Dog.” Kennel clubs began to recognize the breed, and a more formal standard was developed. In many countries, the Saint Bernard quickly became popular as a show dog and a family companion, admired for its impressive size and gentle nature.

Today, while some Saint Bernards still work in rescue or as therapy dogs, most live as companions in homes around the world. The original hospice in the Great St. Bernard Pass maintains a connection to the breed and has become part of its heritage and identity. Modern Saint Bernards are rarely used in large scale alpine rescue operations, which are now typically handled by specialized human teams and technology, but the image of the loyal mountain rescue dog remains a strong part of their history.

In the present day, the Saint Bernard continues to represent strength combined with kindness. Breeders in many countries work to preserve the breed’s traditional type and temperament while adapting to modern standards of health and welfare. Whether relaxing in a family living room or participating in shows, drafting, or therapy visits, the Saint Bernard carries its long history of service and companionship into the modern world.

Living with the Breed

Sharing your life with a Saint Bernard is a wonderful experience, but it comes with significant commitments that should not be underestimated. Everything about this breed is large: the dog itself, the amount of food it eats, the space it needs, and the impact it has on your daily routines. Before you decide, it is important to picture what everyday life will look like with a gentle giant in your home.

Space is one of the first considerations. A Saint Bernard does not have to live in a huge house, but it does need enough room to move comfortably without constantly bumping into furniture. Narrow staircases, slippery floors, or cluttered rooms can be difficult for such a heavy dog. Many owners choose to use rugs or non slip mats on smooth surfaces and make sure there is a quiet area where the dog can rest undisturbed. A garden or yard is helpful, especially for quick toilet breaks and gentle stretching, though regular walks will still be necessary.

Costs are another important factor. A Saint Bernard puppy from a responsible breeder is not cheap, and the expenses continue throughout the dog’s life. You will need to budget for:

• High quality food, which can be a large monthly expense due to the dog’s size.
• Veterinary care, including vaccinations, health checks, flea and worm prevention, and the possibility of emergency care or surgery.
• Insurance, which is highly recommended, as bills for a giant breed can quickly become considerable.
• Equipment, such as a strong leash and collar or harness, a large bed, and perhaps a sturdy crate if you choose to use one.

Grooming supplies, toys, car protection, and training classes also add to the yearly cost. Many owners find the financial side manageable if they plan ahead, but it is not something to ignore.

Daily life with a Saint Bernard includes some unique details. Drool is almost guaranteed, especially after drinking or when the dog is excited. Keeping towels on hand, protecting walls and furniture, and getting used to wiping the dog’s mouth become normal parts of the routine. Hair will be present on clothes, floors, and car seats, particularly during shedding seasons. Regular grooming and cleaning help, but a perfectly hair free home is not realistic.

Time is as important as money. A Saint Bernard needs company and does not usually thrive if left alone for long days on a regular basis. While they may not need hours of intense exercise, they do need walks, mental stimulation, and social interaction every day. If you work full time away from home, consider options such as a trusted dog walker, family support, or arranging flexible hours.

On the positive side, Saint Bernards often bring a special calm and warmth to a household. Many are content to lie near their people while they work, watch television, or read. They can be wonderfully comforting companions, offering quiet presence rather than constant demands for action. Families often appreciate the sense of safety that comes with such a large, steady dog, even if that safety is more about deterrence than actual guarding behavior.

Practical equipment that makes life easier includes:

• A wide, supportive bed that cushions the joints.
• Raised food and water bowls if recommended by your veterinarian for comfort, though opinions differ regarding their impact on bloat risk.
• A harness that distributes pressure across the chest for easier control on walks.
• A strong, comfortable brush suitable for thick coats, plus a comb for long haired dogs.
• A car ramp or steps if your dog has trouble jumping into vehicles, especially in later years.

New owners should be prepared for the emotional side of owning a giant breed. The bond can be intense, and the dog’s relatively shorter lifespan can feel unfair. Many people who have shared their life with a Saint Bernard say they would accept this difficulty again because of the depth of love and character these dogs bring into a home.

Before bringing one home, honestly assess your lifestyle, physical strength, and willingness to adapt your environment. Talk to experienced owners and responsible breeders, visit adult dogs, and imagine the young puppy growing into a full sized adult in your living room. If the reality still appeals to you, and you feel ready for the work as well as the joy, living with a Saint Bernard can be a deeply rewarding experience filled with huge paws, heavy cuddles, and a great deal of heart.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

Are Saint Bernards good family dogs and how do they behave with children?

They are typically gentle, patient, and tolerant, which makes them well suited to families with respectful children. Their size is the main concern, since an enthusiastic dog can accidentally knock over a small child. Early training and supervision around young kids are important. When properly socialized, they are usually affectionate and protective without being aggressive.

How much exercise does a Saint Bernard really need?

Despite their size, they are not high endurance dogs and do not need intense exercise. Most do well with one or two moderate walks a day plus some gentle play, especially in cooler parts of the day. Overexercising a young dog can strain growing joints, so activity should be controlled in puppies and adolescents. Mental stimulation and companionship are just as important as physical activity.

Do Saint Bernards drool a lot and can anything be done about it?

Many do drool heavily, especially after drinking, eating, or when they are excited or hot. The loose lips and heavy jowls typical of the breed make drooling unavoidable in most dogs. Owners often keep absorbent cloths handy and may train the dog to be wiped after meals. Choosing individuals from lines with slightly tighter lips can sometimes reduce, but not eliminate, drool.

What are the most common health problems in Saint Bernards?

They are prone to orthopedic issues such as hip and elbow dysplasia, as well as cruciate ligament injuries due to their large size. Heart disease, certain cancers, bloat, and eye conditions like entropion are also of concern. Responsible breeders screen for these problems and avoid breeding affected dogs. Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding rapid growth in puppies can help lower some risks.

Can a Saint Bernard live comfortably in a small house or apartment?

They can adapt to smaller spaces if they receive enough daily walks and are allowed to rest in a comfortable spot. Their calm indoor nature helps, but their size, shedding, and drool require owners who are realistic about the mess and space they take up. Access to elevators or manageable stairs is important as they age and their joints weaken. Adequate cooling and ventilation are also essential, particularly in warm climates.

How do Saint Bernards handle hot weather?

They are much better suited to cool or cold climates and can struggle in heat. Their heavy coat and large body mass make them prone to overheating, so they should be kept in air conditioning or shade with constant access to water in warm seasons. Exercise should be limited during hot parts of the day and watched carefully for signs of heat stress. A shorter summer trim can help, but the coat should never be shaved to the skin.

What kind of grooming does a Saint Bernard need and do they shed a lot?

They shed heavily, especially during seasonal coat blows in spring and fall. Both shorthaired and longhaired types require regular brushing several times a week to remove loose hair and prevent matting. Routine ear cleaning, nail trimming, and checking skin folds around the mouth and neck are important to prevent infections. Owners should be prepared for noticeable hair and drool on floors and furniture.

How much does it cost to feed a Saint Bernard and what should they eat?

Food costs are significant because of their size, often several times more than for a medium dog. They should be fed a high quality large or giant breed formula that supports joint health and helps prevent overly rapid growth in puppies. Meals are usually divided into two or more smaller feedings per day to reduce the risk of bloat. Keeping them lean is more important than aiming for maximum size.

Are Saint Bernards easy to train and how intelligent are they?

They are intelligent and generally eager to please, but can be slow maturing and a bit stubborn. Short, consistent training sessions that use reward based methods work best. Because of their size, basic obedience and good leash manners are essential starting at a young age. They usually enjoy working closely with their people rather than intense, repetitive drills.

What was the original purpose of Saint Bernards and does it affect their behavior today?

They were developed as rescue and companion dogs in the Swiss Alps, where they helped locate and assist travelers lost in snow. This history contributes to their strong bond with people, watchful nature, and willingness to endure harsh conditions for their family. Many retain an instinct to stay close and check on household members. They are generally more nurturing and protective than high prey driven or independent.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Swedish Kennel Club)
• Deutscher Club für Leonberger Hunde (DCLH)
• Vétérinaire Santé (France)