Portuguese Water Dog

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Bred as a hardworking fisherman’s helper, the Portuguese Water Dog is a natural swimmer that loves any excuse to be in or around water.
• The breed has a low‑shedding, curly or wavy coat that many allergy‑prone families appreciate, although it still needs regular grooming.
• Portuguese Water Dogs are highly intelligent, quick to learn, and happiest when given a job to do, from obedience and agility to water sports.
• They are deeply people‑oriented and form strong bonds with their families, often following their favourite person from room to room.
• This is a robust, medium‑sized dog with impressive stamina, making it a great partner for active owners who enjoy outdoor adventures all year round.

Appearance & Coat

The Portuguese Water Dog is a medium‑sized, sturdy and athletic breed, built to work long hours in rough coastal conditions. At first glance, many people notice the strong, square outline and proud, alert expression. Adult males are usually slightly larger and more substantial than females, but both sexes should appear powerful and well balanced rather than heavy or fine. Height at the shoulder typically ranges around the mid‑teens to low twenties in inches, with a weight that reflects solid muscle rather than bulk. The chest is deep, the back is level, and the loins are strong, all of which help the dog power through water and move efficiently on land.

One of the most distinctive features of the Portuguese Water Dog is the head. It is broad and well proportioned to the body, with a slightly domed skull and a well‑defined stop. The muzzle is strong and tapers gently, giving the dog a purposeful but friendly look. Dark, expressive eyes give an intelligent and attentive expression, while the ears hang close to the head and are set slightly above eye level. The tail is thick at the base, tapering toward the tip, and acts as a rudder in the water, which you can clearly see when the dog is swimming with energy and enthusiasm.

The coat is where the breed really stands out. Portuguese Water Dogs have a single, dense coat that can be either curly or wavy. The curly coat has compact, tight curls with a somewhat coarser texture, while the wavy coat falls in gentle, loose waves with a more open texture. Both coat types are water‑resistant and were designed to keep the dog warm and efficient while working in cold seas. There is no soft, fluffy undercoat like many double‑coated breeds, which is one reason shedding is often minimal.

Color is quite varied. Common colors include black, white, brown, and combinations of these, such as black and white or brown and white. Some dogs have white markings on the chest, muzzle, feet, or the tip of the tail. Solid black is particularly traditional, but all recognized colors can be equally striking, especially when the coat is well groomed.

Two traditional grooming styles are frequently seen. The “lion clip” leaves the coat long on the front half of the body while the hindquarters, muzzle, and base of the tail are clipped short. This historic clip is said to have helped fishermen haul the dog back into the boat and kept the hindquarters less encumbered for swimming. The “retriever clip” leaves the coat more evenly trimmed across the body, which many families find practical and easier to maintain.

Although the Portuguese Water Dog is often marketed as low‑maintenance because of its low shedding, coat care does require commitment. To keep the coat free from mats and tangles, you should brush thoroughly at least two to three times a week, and for longer coats often daily. A slicker brush and a long‑toothed comb work well for reaching down to the skin and separating the curls or waves. Regular bathing with a gentle dog shampoo helps keep the coat clean and manageable, but avoid overbathing, which can dry out the skin. Many owners choose professional grooming every six to eight weeks to maintain the chosen clip and keep the hair around the eyes, paws, and sanitary areas tidy.

Routine maintenance such as nail trimming, ear cleaning, and dental care is also essential. Check the ears weekly because the hanging ear can trap moisture, especially in a dog that swims frequently. With consistent grooming and care, the Portuguese Water Dog’s coat can be both beautiful and practical, reflecting the breed’s history as a hardworking partner at sea.

Temperament & Personality

The Portuguese Water Dog is often described as lively, loyal, and incredibly people‑focused. At home, this breed tends to be outgoing and affectionate, forming deep attachments to family members. Many owners joke that their Portuguese Water Dog is like a shadow, quietly following them from room to room and involving itself in every household activity. This closeness is one of the breed’s greatest joys, but it also means they do best in homes where they are not left alone for very long periods on a regular basis.

With children, a well socialized Portuguese Water Dog is typically playful, tolerant, and patient, especially if raised with them from puppyhood. They usually have a cheerful, clownish side and will invent their own games, such as chasing bubbles in the garden or racing after a ball at the beach. Teaching children how to respect the dog’s boundaries is important, as this is a sensitive and intelligent breed. When children are gentle and consistent, the dog often becomes a devoted companion who will happily join everything from family walks to quiet movie nights.

Around other dogs, temperament can vary from easygoing and sociable to more selective. Good early socialization has a big impact. Many Portuguese Water Dogs get along well with other friendly dogs and appreciate having canine playmates. However, their confident nature and high energy can sometimes overwhelm more timid breeds, so careful introductions and supervision are wise at first. With cats and smaller pets, success depends on the individual dog and early experiences. The breed’s working background did not focus on hunting land animals, which can help, but you should still introduce other pets thoughtfully and never rely on instinct alone.

In daily life, this is an active, alert dog that likes to know what is happening. Portuguese Water Dogs are bright and observant. They tend to notice every visitor, car passing the window, or change in routine. Many make effective watchdogs, barking to alert their owners to anything unusual. However, they are generally not aggressive and are usually welcoming once they understand that a guest is friendly. Because of this natural alertness, some dogs can become vocal if boredom or anxiety sets in. Teaching a “quiet” cue and rewarding calm behavior helps keep noise under control.

One of the defining features of the breed’s personality is its intelligence combined with a desire to cooperate. Portuguese Water Dogs are problem solvers. If you do not give them mental challenges in the form of training, puzzle toys, or games, they may invent their own, such as opening cupboard doors or rearranging shoes. This cleverness is delightful when channelled into positive outlets, but it can also create mischief if the dog is under stimulated. Owners who enjoy teaching tricks, participating in dog sports, or simply practicing small training sessions every day usually find this breed very rewarding.

Common challenges can include separation anxiety, exuberant jumping when greeting people, and a tendency to “redecorate” the home with stolen items if under exercised. Their high energy and enthusiasm sometimes lead to rough play, particularly during adolescence. Consistent rules, gentle guidance, and plenty of appropriate outlets for their energy make a big difference. Above all, the Portuguese Water Dog thrives in a home where it feels included as a true family member, not just a pet left in the garden. When given companionship, structure, and enough activity, the breed’s warm, spirited personality shines.

Training & Exercise

Training a Portuguese Water Dog is usually a pleasure for someone who enjoys working with an intelligent and energetic dog. These dogs are quick learners with sharp memory and a strong desire to interact with their human partners. However, their cleverness can be a double‑edged sword. If training is boring or inconsistent, they may lose interest or start testing boundaries. The key is to make training sessions fun, varied, and fairly short, especially with young dogs.

Positive reinforcement works best with this breed. Rewarding with treats, toys, or enthusiastic praise keeps a Portuguese Water Dog engaged and eager to try again. They respond well to clear, calm guidance and can become confused or shut down if training relies on harsh corrections. Because they are sensitive and very tuned in to human emotions, they pick up on frustration quickly. Keeping your tone upbeat and celebrating small successes builds their confidence and strengthens the bond between dog and owner.

Basic obedience should start from the moment the puppy comes home. Important early skills include:

• Coming when called, even around distractions
• Walking politely on a lead without pulling
• Settling on a mat or in a crate when asked
• Waiting at doors and before meals
• Leaving objects alone when told “leave it”

Practicing these skills in different environments, such as the garden, quiet streets, and busy parks, helps the dog generalize the behavior. Ongoing training is strongly recommended, not just puppy school. Many Portuguese Water Dogs excel in advanced obedience, rally, agility, scent work, or water trials. These activities do more than provide exercise. They also give the dog a sense of purpose and satisfy the breed’s natural drive to work in partnership with people.

Exercise needs are significant. This is not typically a couch‑potato breed. An adult Portuguese Water Dog usually needs at least one to two hours of activity spread across the day, with a mix of physical and mental work. Simply letting the dog run around the garden is rarely enough. Quality activities might include:

• Brisk walks or jogs
• Off‑lead play in a secure area
• Retrieves with balls or water toys
• Swimming in safe lakes, rivers, or the sea
• Structured games like hide and seek with toys or treats

Swimming is especially valuable for this breed, as it taps into their heritage and allows them to work their muscles without stressing joints too much. Many Portuguese Water Dogs will happily retrieve toys from the water for as long as you are willing to throw them. Just remember to watch for signs of overexertion and always introduce young dogs to water gradually and safely.

Mental exercise is equally important. Puzzle feeders, scent games, and short trick‑training sessions can tire out the brain and prevent boredom. Teaching useful tasks, such as fetching specific objects or helping tidy toys into a basket, also satisfies the dog’s natural wish to help. A tired Portuguese Water Dog, both mentally and physically, is far more likely to behave calmly indoors and settle peacefully with the family.

Without enough training and exercise, unwanted behaviors can appear quickly. Excessive barking, destructive chewing, or escaping the garden are all signs that the dog’s needs are not being met. Consistency is crucial. Family members should agree on house rules and commands so the dog does not receive mixed messages. With the right balance of clear boundaries, positive training, and generous exercise, the Portuguese Water Dog becomes an attentive, cooperative, and entertaining companion that loves to learn throughout its life.

Health

The Portuguese Water Dog is generally a robust and active breed, but like all purebred dogs it has some health concerns that responsible owners and breeders should be aware of. Understanding these issues helps you choose a healthy puppy, support your adult dog, and work closely with your veterinarian.

One of the conditions seen in the breed is hip dysplasia, a developmental problem of the hip joint that can lead to pain and arthritis. Responsible breeders use hip scoring or radiographic evaluations to reduce the risk of producing affected puppies. While screening improves overall breed health, environment and lifestyle also matter. Keeping your dog at a healthy weight, providing sensible exercise, and avoiding excessive jumping in young dogs all help protect the joints.

Eye health is another focus. Portuguese Water Dogs can be affected by hereditary eye conditions such as progressive retinal atrophy, which can cause gradual vision loss. Breeders often have their breeding dogs examined by veterinary ophthalmologists at regular intervals. Puppy buyers should ask about eye test results for both parents and any screening schemes used. Regular general eye checks during routine vet visits also help catch any non hereditary issues, such as infections or injuries, early.

Cardiac health is important in this breed as well. Some lines may have a risk of congenital heart conditions. Health‑conscious breeders will usually test breeding stock for heart problems using listening examinations and sometimes echocardiography. As an owner, it is wise to ask your veterinarian to listen carefully to your dog’s heart at each annual checkup, and to follow up with further tests if any murmur or irregularity is detected.

Genetic testing has become increasingly common in the Portuguese Water Dog community. There are DNA tests for certain inherited conditions that once had a much larger impact on the breed. Reputable breeders use these tests to ensure that mating combinations are safe and that puppies are not affected by preventable genetic diseases. When researching a litter, do not hesitate to ask which DNA tests have been performed and how the results are used in breeding plans.

Skin and ear issues can occur, especially in a breed that loves water. Moisture trapped in the ears may encourage infections, so regular ear checks and gentle cleaning are highly recommended, particularly after swimming. The skin under a dense, curly or wavy coat can sometimes hide irritation or hotspots if the coat mats or stays damp. Brushing through to the skin and making sure the coat dries properly after baths or swims reduces this risk. If you notice persistent scratching, red patches, or an unpleasant smell, consult your vet promptly.

Like many active, intelligent dogs, Portuguese Water Dogs benefit from preventative care that supports overall wellbeing. This includes:

• Routine vaccinations and parasite control, tailored to your local environment
• Regular dental care, ideally daily tooth brushing with dog‑safe toothpaste
• Weight management through appropriate food portions and exercise
• Annual or twice yearly wellness checks, especially as the dog ages

The typical lifespan of the Portuguese Water Dog often reaches into the low to mid teens, with many individuals staying energetic and playful for much of their lives. As dogs get older, you may see the usual signs of aging such as stiffness, reduced stamina, or changes in hearing and vision. Early intervention with joint supplements, adjusted exercise plans, and senior‑appropriate diets can help maintain quality of life.

Choosing a responsible breeder who prioritizes health testing and sound temperament is one of the most important steps a prospective owner can take. Once the dog is home, maintaining good daily care and building a relationship with a trusted veterinarian will help ensure that your Portuguese Water Dog enjoys a long, healthy, and active life by your side.

History & Origins

The Portuguese Water Dog has a rich and practical history closely tied to the coastal fishing communities of Portugal. Long before the breed became a beloved family companion and show dog, it was a working partner, valued for its courage, intelligence, and remarkable swimming skills. Historical accounts describe similar water dogs along the Algarve coast, where fishermen relied on them for an impressive range of tasks.

These dogs were not merely pets on the boats. They played an essential role in the daily work of fishing crews. Portuguese Water Dogs would leap from boat to boat, carrying messages and equipment through turbulent waters. They helped herd fish into nets, a job that required keen observation and quick reactions. If a net or a piece of gear broke loose and drifted away, the dog could be sent to retrieve it. In emergencies, they even acted as lifesavers, capable of bringing struggling sailors back toward safety. Their thick, water‑resistant coats, strong tails, and webbed feet made them ideal for these tasks.

The exact origins of the breed are not fully documented, as is often the case with working dogs developed by necessity over centuries. Some theories suggest that early water dogs came with traders or invaders from other parts of Europe or North Africa and then adapted to Portuguese conditions. What is clear is that fishermen along the Atlantic coast selectively bred dogs that were brave, obedient, strong swimmers, and hearty enough to work all day in cold water. Over time these practical requirements shaped the characteristics we now recognise as belonging to the Portuguese Water Dog.

With changes in fishing methods and the modernization of the industry, the traditional working role of the breed declined. By the early twentieth century, the number of Portuguese Water Dogs had fallen significantly, and the breed faced an uncertain future. Fortunately, a small group of dedicated enthusiasts in Portugal recognised the dog’s value and uniqueness. They began deliberate breeding programs to preserve type, temperament, and working ability, helping the breed survive and eventually thrive.

As the world of pedigree dogs developed, the Portuguese Water Dog gained recognition from national kennel clubs and international organizations. The breed started to appear at dog shows, where its striking coat and lively personality attracted attention. Later, as interest in canine sports and performance events grew, people discovered that this former fisherman’s helper was just as talented in modern activities like agility, obedience, and water trials.

The breed began to spread beyond Portugal, first into other European countries and later to North America and elsewhere. Active breed clubs developed training tests that reflect the dog’s heritage, such as retrieving from water, carrying tasks, and boat work, to ensure that the traditional instincts and abilities were not lost. Today, there are still Portuguese Water Dogs that participate in authentic style water work, conserving a direct link to their maritime past.

In modern times, the Portuguese Water Dog is mainly kept as a companion and sport dog, but the essence of its history remains visible in its behaviour. The eagerness to work, love of water, and close partnership with humans are all echoes of its days on the fishing boats. Whether living in a city apartment near a river or on a coastal farm, the breed carries with it a strong identity rooted in the sea and in the hardworking communities that first shaped it.

Living with the Breed

Living with a Portuguese Water Dog can be an immensely rewarding experience, but it does require a meaningful level of commitment. This is not a breed that is content with a quick walk around the block and hours of solitude. Instead, it fits best with owners or families who enjoy active lifestyles, value companionship, and are prepared to invest time in training, grooming, and daily interaction.

In the home, Portuguese Water Dogs usually want to be involved in everything. They are often happiest when they can lie near your feet while you work, follow you into the kitchen during meal preparation, and then join the family for evening relaxation. If you are away for long workdays, you may need to arrange dog walkers, doggy daycare, or a trusted friend or relative who can provide company and exercise. Leaving a highly social Portuguese Water Dog alone too often can lead to boredom and anxiety, which might show up as chewing, barking, or other unwanted behaviors.

Housing needs are flexible as long as activity needs are met. A securely fenced garden is helpful for off lead play, but is not strictly essential if you are committed to taking your dog on multiple daily walks and providing other outlets for energy. What matters most is regular exercise and mental stimulation rather than the size of your home. That said, a high energy Portuguese Water Dog in a very small space with little outdoor time can quickly become frustrated.

Financially, prospective owners should budget for quality food, routine veterinary care, vaccinations, parasite prevention, and insurance or an emergency fund for unexpected health issues. Grooming is a significant ongoing cost unless you learn to clip the dog yourself. Professional grooming every six to eight weeks, combined with home brushing, is a realistic plan for most people. Over a year, the total cost of living with a Portuguese Water Dog can be considerable, particularly in regions with high vet or grooming fees, so planning ahead is wise.

Useful equipment can make life easier for both you and the dog. Many owners find the following items especially helpful:

• A sturdy, comfortable harness and reliable lead for daily walks
• A crate or secure indoor pen to provide a safe resting space and support house training
• A selection of durable toys, including fetch toys, chew toys, and puzzle toys
• Grooming tools such as a slicker brush, comb, nail clippers, and dog dryer or absorbent towels
• A life jacket for boating or deep water activities, particularly for young or inexperienced swimmers

Nutrition plays an important role in keeping your Portuguese Water Dog healthy and energetic. Choose a high quality diet appropriate for the dog’s age, size, and activity level. Some dogs in this breed can be food motivated, which helps with training but also means you should watch portion sizes and treat intake carefully to avoid weight gain. Dividing the daily ration into two or more meals reduces the risk of stomach upset and fits well with training routines where part of the food can be used as rewards.

New owners should be prepared for a lively puppyhood and an active adolescence. During these stages the dog may test limits, show bursts of wild energy, and explore everything with mouth and paws. Consistent rules, puppy proofing the home, and providing plenty of safe chew items and constructive activities are essential. Enrolling in puppy classes and later in more advanced courses helps you guide the dog through these stages while building good manners and confidence.

For families, the Portuguese Water Dog can be a wonderful companion if everyone participates. Children can help with simple training tasks, supervised play, and basic care such as brushing, which strengthens the bond between dog and family. Older adults who are active and enjoy time outdoors may also find this breed a loyal partner, although they might appreciate help with grooming or more intense exercise.

In everyday life, expect a dog that is joyful, occasionally silly, and deeply devoted. A Portuguese Water Dog thrives on partnership. If you are willing to share your daily routines, provide regular exercise, maintain grooming, and keep the dog’s mind busy, you will likely discover a loyal friend who fits seamlessly into your life. The commitment is real, but so is the reward of sharing your home and adventures with such a spirited and affectionate breed.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the typical temperament of a Portuguese Water Dog?

This breed is typically energetic, highly intelligent, and very people focused. They tend to form strong bonds with their families, enjoy being involved in daily activities, and usually get along well with children when properly socialized. Without enough mental and physical stimulation, they can become vocal or mischievous.

How much exercise does a Portuguese Water Dog really need?

Most adults need at least 60 to 90 minutes of vigorous activity every day, including off‑leash running, swimming, or structured games like fetch. They were bred to work in demanding conditions, so a quick walk around the block is not enough. Regular training sessions and puzzle games help meet their mental exercise needs as well.

Do Portuguese Water Dogs shed and are they truly hypoallergenic?

They have a low‑shedding coat that often produces less loose hair than many breeds, which some allergy sufferers find easier to live with. However, no dog is completely hypoallergenic and dander and saliva can still trigger reactions. Meeting individual dogs before committing is important for people with allergies.

What kind of grooming does a Portuguese Water Dog’s coat require?

Their curly or wavy coat needs thorough brushing several times a week to prevent mats, especially behind the ears, in the armpits, and around the tail. Professional grooming every 4 to 8 weeks is common to keep the coat manageable and to maintain either a working‑style retriever clip or the traditional lion clip. Regular ear cleaning is also important because of their love of water and floppy ears.

Are Portuguese Water Dogs good family pets for homes with children?

They can be excellent family companions for active households that enjoy outdoor time and can provide structure and training. Their playful, sturdy nature often suits older children, though young dogs may be too boisterous for very small kids. Early training and supervision help channel their enthusiasm and prevent rough play.

What health problems are Portuguese Water Dogs prone to?

They are generally robust but have increased risk for certain inherited conditions such as hip dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy, and some heart and autoimmune issues. Responsible breeders screen for common genetic diseases and joint problems before breeding. Regular veterinary checkups and maintaining a healthy weight help reduce the impact of joint and heart conditions.

How do Portuguese Water Dogs typically behave around water and swimming pools?

Most individuals have a natural attraction to water and a strong swimming instinct due to their history as working water dogs. They often enjoy retrieving from lakes, rivers, and the sea, and many will try to jump into pools if given the chance. Secure fencing and taught pool rules are important, as their enthusiasm can override caution.

Can a Portuguese Water Dog live happily in an apartment or city home?

They can adapt to apartment or city living if they receive ample daily exercise and structured mental work such as training, dog sports, or scent games. Without this outlet, they may become noisy, restless, or destructive. Access to safe off‑leash areas or regular long walks is crucial in more confined living spaces.

How trainable are Portuguese Water Dogs and are they suitable for first‑time dog owners?

They are highly trainable, quick to learn, and usually eager to work with their handler, but their intelligence and energy can be challenging for inexperienced owners. Consistent, reward‑based training and clear boundaries are essential. A committed first‑time owner who invests in training classes and daily practice can do well with this breed.

What are the main differences between the curly and wavy coat types in Portuguese Water Dogs?

Curly coats are denser with tight curls and often require more careful brushing to prevent matting at the skin. Wavy coats tend to lie flatter and may be slightly easier to maintain, though both types need regular grooming and professional trims. Coat type does not significantly change shedding level or temperament.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Sweden)
• Dansk Kennel Klub (Denmark)
• Fédération Cynologique Internationale (Belgium, Europe)
• Société Centrale Canine (France)