Bernese Mountain Dog

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

• Large, affectionate family dog originally bred for farm work in the Swiss Alps
• Distinctive tricolour coat in black, white, and rich rust with a soft, expressive face
• Gentle, patient companion that usually adores children and wants to be close to its people
• Moderate exercise needs but a strong desire for outdoor life, cool weather, and purposeful activity
• Relatively short average lifespan for a large breed, so careful health screening and responsible breeding are vital

Appearance & Coat

The Bernese Mountain Dog is a large, impressive farm dog with a soft and friendly expression that instantly draws attention. Adult males usually stand around 64 to 70 centimetres at the shoulder, with females slightly smaller at around 58 to 66 centimetres. In terms of build, a Bernese should look strong, solid, and well balanced rather than tall and thin. The chest is broad and deep, the back is straight and firm, and the bone structure is sturdy. The overall impression is of a powerful working dog that still moves with surprising grace and lightness.

Their head is broad but not coarse, with a well defined stop, a strong muzzle, and dark, almond shaped eyes that give an intelligent, kind expression. Ears are medium sized, triangular, and set high, lying close to the head when the dog is relaxed. The tail is long and carried low with a gentle curve when at rest. When excited or moving, the tail may lift, but it should not curl over the back like a spitz breed.

The coat is one of the most recognisable features of the Bernese Mountain Dog. It is a double coat with a somewhat long, straight or slightly wavy outer layer and a soft, dense undercoat. This structure provides insulation in cold weather and some protection from wet conditions. The breed is always tricolour, with the following pattern:

• Jet black background
• Rich rust markings over the eyes, on the cheeks, on each side of the chest, on the legs, and under the tail
• Clear white blaze on the head, white muzzle, white chest, and white feet to varying degrees

A white tip on the tail is common and desirable, while a symmetrical blaze and chest marking are preferred in the show ring. For a family companion, appearance is less important than health and temperament, but many owners still treasure the classic Bernese markings.

Grooming a Bernese Mountain Dog is manageable if you keep a routine. The coat sheds moderately all year and heavily during seasonal changes. To keep the coat in good condition and reduce loose hair in the house, aim for thorough brushing at least two to three times a week, and daily during heavy shedding periods. A slicker brush, a metal comb, and an undercoat rake are useful tools. Focus on areas that mat easily, such as behind the ears, under the collar, the trousers on the hind legs, and the feathering on the tail.

Bathing is usually needed every couple of months or when the dog gets dirty. Too frequent bathing can strip the natural oils that help keep the coat and skin healthy. Pay regular attention to ears, teeth, and nails as well. Trim nails every few weeks so they do not grow too long and cause discomfort. With good coat care, a Bernese Mountain Dog looks not only beautiful but also feels more comfortable, especially in warmer weather when loose undercoat can trap heat if not removed.

Because of their thick coat, Berners are much more comfortable in cool climates. In hot weather, they need shade, fresh water, and careful monitoring to avoid overheating. Many owners clip the fur between the paw pads to help with grip and cleanliness, especially in muddy or snowy conditions. Overall, coat care is part of the bond between owner and dog, and most Bernese learn to enjoy the attention and grooming time as a calm, shared routine.

Temperament & Personality

The Bernese Mountain Dog is often described as a gentle giant with a loyal, affectionate nature. This is a deeply people oriented breed that prefers to be with the family rather than alone in the garden. Many Berners follow their owners from room to room and like to rest at your feet, or even on your feet, if given the chance. They are sensitive dogs that respond strongly to the mood and tone of their humans.

Around the home, a typical Bernese is calm and good natured, especially once past the puppy and adolescent stages. As puppies and young adults they can be quite boisterous, often forgetting their size when greeting people or playing. With maturity they usually settle into a more relaxed rhythm, enjoying naps near the family, gentle play, and regular outdoor activities. They are not usually hyperactive, but they do need interaction and mental engagement to prevent boredom.

With children, a well socialised Bernese Mountain Dog is usually tolerant, patient, and protective. Their sturdy build and kind temperament make them excellent companions for respectful children who understand basic rules around dogs. It is important to supervise interactions with younger children, mainly because of the dog’s size. A friendly, exuberant Berner can accidentally knock over a toddler while turning around or wagging its tail. Clear rules and calm guidance help the dog learn to move gently around smaller family members.

In general, Berners are friendly or at least politely reserved with strangers. They are often a little cautious at first, especially as adolescents, but should not be fearful or aggressive. Early and positive socialisation is important. Introduce your puppy to different people, environments, surfaces, and situations in a calm, controlled way. A confident Bernese will often greet visitors with wagging tail and happy curiosity, although some dogs remain more watchful and reserved by nature.

With other dogs, most Bernese are sociable and enjoy canine company, especially if they have been raised with other dogs or regularly attend puppy classes and group walks. Intact males can sometimes display dominant behaviour, particularly towards other large males, but serious conflicts are less common in this breed when they are well socialised and managed. With cats and smaller pets, many Berners can live peacefully if introduced carefully and supervised at first. Their natural working background gives them a moderate prey drive, but they are usually more interested in people and routine tasks than in chasing.

Common challenges with the Bernese Mountain Dog include their sensitivity, potential for separation anxiety, and slow emotional maturity. Many Berners are quite attached to their owners and can become stressed if left alone for long periods on a regular basis. They do best in households where someone is home most of the day or where arrangements can be made for company and interaction. Another challenge is their sometimes stubborn or thoughtful nature. They are intelligent, but they like to understand why they should do something. Harsh corrections or shouting can damage their trust and make them shut down.

Overall, the Bernese temperament is loving, loyal, and steady, but it must be nurtured with early socialisation, kind handling, and predictable routines. This is not a breed that thrives in chaotic or constantly loud environments. They prefer calm, secure households where they know what to expect and can take their role as devoted family companions seriously.

Training & Exercise

Training a Bernese Mountain Dog is usually a rewarding experience, as the breed is eager to please and enjoys working together with its person. However, they mature both physically and mentally at a slower pace than some other breeds. A Bernese may be full grown in size before the mind has fully caught up, which can lead to clumsy behaviour and short attention spans during the adolescent stage. Patience, humour, and consistency are essential.

Positive reinforcement methods work best with this breed. Berners respond very well to calm praise, gentle physical affection, and tasty treats. Harsh training techniques, loud voices, or physical corrections can create anxiety and resistance. They are sensitive enough that a stern look or disappointed tone is often more effective than any strong correction. Short, varied training sessions are more successful than long, repetitive drills. For example, work on basic cues like sit, down, stay, and come for a few minutes, then play a short game or practice loose lead walking.

From a young age, it is important to teach your Bernese Mountain Dog to walk nicely on a lead. Their adult strength can be considerable, and pulling on the lead can become difficult to manage if not addressed early. Use rewards to reinforce walking by your side, and stop moving forward when the dog pulls. This teaches that tension on the lead makes progress stop, while a slack lead leads to pleasant walking. Group training classes are very useful for Berners, not only for obedience but also for controlled socialisation with other dogs and people.

In terms of exercise, the Bernese is a moderate energy dog that needs daily activity but not extreme sports. Most adult Berners are happy with a combination of:

• Two or three daily walks of moderate length
• Opportunities to run and explore safely off lead in secure areas
• Some form of mental stimulation, such as training games or scent work

Puppies and young dogs should not be over exercised on hard surfaces, especially not with long runs or frequent stair climbing. Their joints and growth plates are still developing, and excessive strain can contribute to orthopedic problems later in life. As a guideline, many breeders suggest several short walks and play sessions spread throughout the day, rather than one long, exhausting outing.

Because of their heritage as working farm dogs, Berners particularly enjoy activities that give them a sense of purpose. Many owners find that their dogs love:

• Draft work and cart pulling, which allows them to use their strength in a controlled, traditional way
• Scent games and nosework, such as searching for hidden treats or toys in the garden or house
• Low impact dog sports like tracking, rally obedience, or gentle hiking in cool weather

Swimming can also be a good form of exercise, especially for older dogs or those with joint concerns, as it is low impact and helps build muscle. Always introduce water gradually and ensure safety around currents and steep banks.

Heat management is an important part of exercise planning for a Bernese Mountain Dog. They are not designed for high temperatures, and strenuous activity on warm or humid days can lead to overheating. In hot weather, choose early morning or late evening walks, stick to shady paths, and avoid running or cycling with your dog. Signs of overheating, such as heavy panting, bright red gums, or disorientation, require immediate rest and cooling.

With the right combination of mental and physical exercise, a Bernese Mountain Dog becomes a pleasant, relaxed house companion. A bored Berner, on the other hand, may resort to digging, chewing, or other unwanted behaviour. Training and activity are not just tasks to check off, but important forms of relationship building that help this sensitive breed feel confident and secure.

Health

The Bernese Mountain Dog is a generally robust working breed in terms of temperament, but like many large dogs it faces several significant health challenges. Prospective owners should be aware of these issues and choose breeders who carry out appropriate health testing and follow strict breeding guidelines. Responsible breeding can greatly improve the chances of getting a healthy puppy, although no dog can be guaranteed to be completely free from health problems.

One of the main concerns in the breed is joint disease. Hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia are relatively common and can lead to pain, lameness, and arthritis. Reputable breeders have their breeding dogs screened through official hip and elbow evaluations and only breed from individuals with acceptable scores. As an owner, you can help protect your dog’s joints by:

• Keeping your Bernese at a lean, healthy weight
• Avoiding over exercise and high impact activities during growth
• Using non slip flooring at home to reduce slipping and twisting

Another serious issue in the Bernese Mountain Dog is the unfortunately high rate of certain cancers. Histiocytic sarcoma, lymphoma, and mast cell tumours are some of the cancers reported more frequently in the breed. This contributes to the relatively short average lifespan, often around 7 to 9 years, although some individuals live longer. Ongoing research and careful breeding selection aim to reduce this risk over time. As an owner, early detection is important. Regular veterinary check ups, awareness of unusual lumps, weight loss, or changes in behaviour, and prompt investigation of any suspicious signs can sometimes improve outcomes.

Other health concerns in the breed include:

• Degenerative myelopathy, a progressive spinal disease that can cause weakness and paralysis of the hind limbs
• Eye conditions such as entropion and ectropion, where eyelids roll inward or outward, and cataracts
• Bloat, or gastric dilatation volvulus, a life threatening condition where the stomach twists and traps gas

Some breeders and veterinarians recommend preventative measures for bloat, such as feeding two or three smaller meals instead of one large meal and avoiding heavy exercise directly before and after eating. In some high risk dogs, a surgical procedure called gastropexy, which attaches the stomach to the abdominal wall to prevent twisting, may be considered.

Routine health care for a Bernese includes vaccinations, parasite control, dental care, and regular grooming to monitor skin and ears. Because their dense coat can hide early signs of skin problems, owners should check for hot spots, redness, or unusual odours during brushing sessions. Ear infections can occur in dogs that swim frequently or have a lot of hair in the ear canal, so gentle ear cleaning when advised by your vet can help.

When choosing a puppy, ask the breeder about:

• Hip and elbow scores for both parents
• Eye test results
• Any breed club recommended genetic tests, such as tests related to degenerative myelopathy
• Typical lifespans and causes of death in their breeding lines

A good breeder will be open and honest about health issues in the breed and in their own dogs. They will also be willing to discuss long term support and guidance.

While the health concerns in the Bernese Mountain Dog should be taken very seriously, many owners feel that the deep bond and loving nature of the breed make the commitment worthwhile. By working with responsible breeders, maintaining good nutrition and weight management, providing sensible exercise, and scheduling regular veterinary checks, you give your Bernese the best possible chance of a long, comfortable, and happy life.

History & Origins

The Bernese Mountain Dog, or Berner Sennenhund in its native Swiss German, has roots that stretch back hundreds of years in the Swiss Alps. It belongs to a group of four closely related Swiss mountain and cattle dogs, each associated with a specific region. The Bernese variety comes from the area around the city of Bern, a region with rolling hills, farms, and alpine pastures.

Historically, these dogs were multipurpose farm workers. Their primary tasks included driving cattle to and from mountain pastures, guarding the farm and family, and pulling carts loaded with milk, cheese, and goods to market. Their strong build, calm temperament, and ability to work in harsh weather made them ideal companions for Swiss farmers. The thick tricolour coat not only provided insulation but also made the dogs easily visible against snow and rocky backgrounds.

It is believed that the ancestors of the Bernese Mountain Dog may include old farm dogs from the region, possibly influenced by mastiff type dogs brought by Roman legions. Over generations, farmers selected for dogs that could handle cold, perform heavy work, and stay loyal to the homestead, gradually shaping the early type of the Bernese. For a long time, these dogs were not known outside their valleys. They were simply a part of everyday rural life, valued for what they could do rather than for formal appearance standards.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, industrialisation and changes in agriculture led to a decline in the use of working farm dogs. The Bernese, like many traditional breeds, was at risk of fading away. Fortunately, a small group of Swiss fanciers recognised the value of these dogs and began efforts to preserve and standardise the breed. They collected good examples from farms around the region, established a breeding programme, and presented the dogs at shows under the name Dürrbächler, after a village called Dürrbach where the type was especially common.

As interest grew, the name Bernese Mountain Dog became established, connecting the breed more clearly to the canton of Bern. Breed clubs formed, and the first written standards described the ideal appearance, including the tricolour pattern and strong but agile build. From Switzerland, the breed began to travel to other countries in Europe and eventually to North America. Their gentle nature and striking looks quickly won admirers far beyond the Swiss Alps.

During the 20th century, the role of the Bernese Mountain Dog shifted from primarily farm work to companionship and family life. While they still enjoy tasks such as cart pulling and drafting in modern sport form, most Berners today live as beloved house dogs. They are used in a variety of activities, including obedience, tracking, search and rescue, and therapy work. Their calm presence and love of people make them especially suited to visiting hospitals, schools, and care homes, where their gentle character can bring comfort.

Today the Bernese Mountain Dog is recognised by major kennel clubs around the world and has a devoted following of breeders and owners who work to preserve the character and soundness of this historic working breed. Even when living in a city apartment or suburban garden, many Berners still display hints of their heritage, such as a tendency to place themselves where they can watch over their family, a natural interest in pulling or carrying things, and a love of cool weather that recalls their mountain past.

Living with the Breed

Living with a Bernese Mountain Dog is a deeply rewarding experience, but it requires a significant commitment of time, space, and emotional energy. Before bringing one into your home, it is wise to think carefully about how the breed fits with your lifestyle and long term plans.

First, consider space and environment. While a Bernese can adapt to many living situations, including apartments, they are large dogs that appreciate room to move and a safe outdoor area. A house with a secure garden or yard is ideal. If you live in a flat, you will need to commit to several daily walks in all weather. Stairs can be a concern for young puppies with growing joints and for older dogs with mobility issues, so lift access or careful management may be needed.

The breed’s thick coat and preference for cool temperatures mean that hot climates can be challenging. Air conditioning, cool resting spots, and summer routines that avoid midday heat are very important. In colder areas, Berners often thrive, enjoying snow and brisk walks. Indoors, they tend to shed hair all year, so tolerance for regular vacuuming and some hair on clothes and furniture is part of life with this breed.

Financially, owning a Bernese Mountain Dog can be more expensive than some smaller or healthier breeds. Costs to consider include:

• Quality food suitable for large breeds
• Routine veterinary care, vaccinations, and parasite prevention
• Pet insurance, which is strongly recommended due to the potential for serious health issues
• Occasional specialist treatments or surgeries, particularly for joint or cancer related problems
• Grooming tools and, for some owners, professional grooming visits

Over the course of a year, many families find that the total cost of food, insurance, medical care, and basic supplies for a Bernese is significantly higher than for a small dog. Planning for these expenses in advance helps avoid difficult decisions later.

In terms of daily life, Berners need human company. They are not suited to households where everyone is gone for long working days without reliable arrangements for dog care. If you work full time, you might consider dog daycare, a trusted dog walker, or shared care within the family. A lonely Bernese can become anxious and may show this through barking, chewing, or other destructive behaviours.

Essential equipment for living comfortably with a Bernese Mountain Dog includes:

• A strong, comfortable harness and lead suitable for a large dog
• Sturdy food and water bowls that are easy to clean
• A large, supportive bed or mattress to protect joints
• Grooming tools such as a slicker brush, comb, and undercoat rake
• Chew toys and interactive toys for mental stimulation
• A crate or safe resting area, especially helpful during puppyhood

Training and boundaries are important from the first day. Even if you love the idea of a cuddly giant, allowing a small puppy to jump on the sofa or lean on guests can become more difficult to manage when the dog weighs over 40 kilograms. Kind but consistent rules about where the dog is allowed, how to greet people, and how to behave at the door make life easier for everyone.

Emotionally, living with a Bernese means accepting a deep bond with a dog whose life may be shorter than you would wish. Many owners describe the breed as particularly soulful and connected to their people. This intensity of relationship is one of the great joys of the Bernese Mountain Dog, but it also makes loss very hard. Some families choose the breed again and again, feeling that the years they share are worth the heartbreak, while others may find the health risks too heavy. Only you can decide what is right for your household.

If you are prepared for the grooming, health care, training, and financial responsibilities, the Bernese Mountain Dog can be a loving, steady, and joyful member of the family. They fit especially well with families who enjoy outdoor walks, calm evenings at home, and involving their dog in daily activities. With time, patience, and genuine affection, a Berner often becomes more than just a pet, but a true companion and quiet guardian of the home.

Characteristics

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the typical temperament of a Bernese Mountain Dog with family and children?

They are generally gentle, patient, and very people oriented, which makes them well suited to families with respectful children. Most are affectionate and eager to please, but their large size and strength mean they should be supervised around small children and taught basic manners from an early age.

How much exercise does a Bernese Mountain Dog really need each day?

They need moderate but consistent exercise, usually around 60 to 90 minutes of activity spread throughout the day. Long walks, hiking on cooler days, and light draft work suit them well, while intense running or exercise in hot weather should be avoided due to their heavy coat and build.

Are Bernese Mountain Dogs good apartment pets, or do they need a large yard?

They can adapt to apartment living if they receive enough outdoor exercise and mental stimulation, but many do best in a home with easy access to a secure yard. Their size, shedding, and tendency to track in mud and snow are important considerations for smaller living spaces.

What are the most common health problems in Bernese Mountain Dogs?

They have a relatively high risk of cancers such as histiocytic sarcoma, along with hip and elbow dysplasia, bloat, and certain heart and eye conditions. Responsible breeders screen for orthopedic and genetic issues, but prospective owners should still be prepared for potentially higher veterinary needs than with many other breeds.

Why is the lifespan of Bernese Mountain Dogs often shorter than other breeds?

Their shorter average lifespan is largely linked to a high incidence of malignant cancers and some inherited health conditions. Breeding practices, body size, and limited genetic diversity have also played a role, although many breeders are working to improve longevity through careful selection.

How much do Bernese Mountain Dogs shed and what grooming do they require?

They are heavy shedders with a thick double coat that sheds year round and more heavily in seasonal bursts. Brushing several times a week helps control loose hair and prevent matting, and owners should be prepared for regular vacuuming and fur on furniture and clothing.

Can Bernese Mountain Dogs tolerate hot weather?

They are much better suited to cool or cold climates due to their dense coat. In warm or humid conditions they should be exercised only during cooler parts of the day, given plenty of shade and water, and monitored closely for signs of overheating.

Are Bernese Mountain Dogs prone to separation anxiety or clingy behavior?

Many form very strong bonds with their families and prefer to be near their people most of the time. If left alone for long hours on a regular basis they can become stressed or develop unwanted behaviors, so they are usually a better fit for homes where someone is around much of the day.

How trainable are Bernese Mountain Dogs and what training challenges are common?

They are intelligent and generally eager to please, which makes positive reinforcement training effective. Some can be sensitive or a bit slow to mature, so they benefit from patient, consistent guidance, early socialization, and careful handling during their rapid growth phase.

Is a Bernese Mountain Dog a good choice for a first time dog owner?

They can be suitable for dedicated first time owners who are prepared for a large, shedding, relatively short lived breed with notable health risks. New owners should be ready to invest in training, socialization, grooming, and potentially higher medical costs over the dog’s lifetime.

Sources

• The Kennel Club (UK)
• Svenska Kennelklubben (Sweden)
• Norsk Kennel Klub (Norway)
• Deutscher Club für Berner Sennenhunde e.V. (Germany)
• Société Centrale Canine (France)